Le sujet de cette thèse de doctorat consiste à proposer une architecture ambiante d’interaction homme-robot-environnement. Dans le cadre de la robotique d’aide à la personne dépendante. Cette architecture va permettre aux robots « Ubiquitous Networked Robots » de prendre en compte le contexte évolutif pour fournir continuellement du service à l'utilisateur. L'architecture proposée utilise le concept d'Ontologie du domaine pour la description de l'environnement. Nous avons choisi d'utiliser l'outil open source PROTEGE qui va nous permettre de définir l'ontologie ainsi que les moteurs de fusion et de fission. Les entrées multimodales seront fusionnées puis subdivisées en tâches élémentaires et envoyées comme commandes au fauteuil roulant muni d'un bras manipulateur. Cette architecture sera validée par des spécifications et des simulations via des réseaux de Pétri temporels et stochastiques. / The subject of this thesis is to provide an ambient architecture for the human-robotenvironment interaction, as part of thedependent person robotics help. This architecture will enable the robot to take into account the changing context and continually provide a service to the user. The architecture uses the concept of ontology for the descriptionof the environment. We have chosen to use the open source PROTEGE because it allows the definition of the ontology and the fusion and fission engines. Indeed, multimodal inputs will be merged and subdivided into elementary tasks and sent tocontrol the wheelchair with the manipulated arm. This architecture will be validated by specifications and simulations via temporal and stochastic Petri nets.

A Web Semântica é uma maneira de explorar a associação de significados explícitos aos conteúdos de documentos presentes na Web, para que esses possam ser processados diretamente ou indiretamente por máquinas. Para possibilitar esse processamento, os computadores necessitam ter acesso a coleções estruturadas de informações e a conjuntos de regras de inferência sobre esses conteúdos. O SWRL permite a combinação de regras e termos de ontologias (definidos por OWL) para aumentar a expressividade de ambos. Entretanto, conforme um conjunto de regras cresce, ele torna-se de difícil compreensão e sujeito a erros, especialmente quando mantido por mais de uma pessoa. Para que o SWRL se torne um verdadeiro padrão web, deverá ter a capacidade de lidar com grandes conjuntos de regras. Para encontrar soluções para este problema, primeiramente, foi realizado um levantamento sobre sistemas de regras de negócios, descobrindo os principais recursos e interfaces utilizados por eles, e então, com as descobertas, propusemos técnicas que usam novas representações visuais em uma aplicação web. Elas permitem detecção de erro, identificação de regras similares, agrupamento, visualização de regras e o reuso de átomos para novas regras. Estas técnicas estão implementadas no SWRL Editor, um plug-in open-source para o Web-Protégé (um editor de ontologias baseado na web) que utiliza ferramentas de colaboração para permitir que grupos de usuários possam não só ver e editar regras, mas também comentar e discutir sobre elas. Foram realizadas duas avaliações do SWRL Editor. A primeira avaliação foi um estudo de caso para duas ontologias da área biomédica (uma área onde regras SWRL são muito usadas) e a segunda uma comparação com os únicos três editores de regras SWRL encontrados na literatura. Nessa comparação foi mostrando que ele implementa mais recursos encontrados em sistemas de regras em geral / The Semantic Web is a way to associate explicitly meaning to the content of web documents to allow them to be processed directly by machines. To allow this processing, computers need to have access to structured collections of information and sets of rules to reason about these content. The Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) allows the combination of rules and ontology terms, defined using the Web Ontology Language (OWL), to increase the expressiveness of both. However, as rule sets grow, they become difficult to understand and error prone, especially when used and maintained by more than one person. If SWRL is to become a true web standard, it has to be able to handle big rule sets. To find answers to this problem, we first surveyed business rule systems and found the key features and interfaces they used and then, based on our finds, we proposed techniques and tools that use new visual representations to edit rules in a web application. They allow error detection, rule similarity analysis, rule clustering visualization and atom reuse between rules. These tools are implemented in the SWRL Editor, an open source plug-in for Web-Protégé (a web-based ontology editor) that leverages Web-Protégés collaborative tools to allow groups of users to not only view and edit rules but also comment and discuss about them. We have done two evaluations of the SWRL Editor. The first one was a case study of two ontologies from the biomedical domain, the second was a comparison with the SWRL editors available in the literature, there are only three. In this comparison, it has been shown that the SWRL Editor implements more of the key resources found on general rule systems than the other three editors

A Web Semântica é uma maneira de explorar a associação de significados explícitos aos conteúdos de documentos presentes na Web, para que esses possam ser processados diretamente ou indiretamente por máquinas. Para possibilitar esse processamento, os computadores necessitam ter acesso a coleções estruturadas de informações e a conjuntos de regras de inferência sobre esses conteúdos. O SWRL permite a combinação de regras e termos de ontologias (definidos por OWL) para aumentar a expressividade de ambos. Entretanto, conforme um conjunto de regras cresce, ele torna-se de difícil compreensão e sujeito a erros, especialmente quando mantido por mais de uma pessoa. Para que o SWRL se torne um verdadeiro padrão web, deverá ter a capacidade de lidar com grandes conjuntos de regras. Para encontrar soluções para este problema, primeiramente, foi realizado um levantamento sobre sistemas de regras de negócios, descobrindo os principais recursos e interfaces utilizados por eles, e então, com as descobertas, propusemos técnicas que usam novas representações visuais em uma aplicação web. Elas permitem detecção de erro, identificação de regras similares, agrupamento, visualização de regras e o reuso de átomos para novas regras. Estas técnicas estão implementadas no SWRL Editor, um plug-in open-source para o Web-Protégé (um editor de ontologias baseado na web) que utiliza ferramentas de colaboração para permitir que grupos de usuários possam não só ver e editar regras, mas também comentar e discutir sobre elas. Foram realizadas duas avaliações do SWRL Editor. A primeira avaliação foi um estudo de caso para duas ontologias da área biomédica (uma área onde regras SWRL são muito usadas) e a segunda uma comparação com os únicos três editores de regras SWRL encontrados na literatura. Nessa comparação foi mostrando que ele implementa mais recursos encontrados em sistemas de regras em geral / The Semantic Web is a way to associate explicitly meaning to the content of web documents to allow them to be processed directly by machines. To allow this processing, computers need to have access to structured collections of information and sets of rules to reason about these content. The Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) allows the combination of rules and ontology terms, defined using the Web Ontology Language (OWL), to increase the expressiveness of both. However, as rule sets grow, they become difficult to understand and error prone, especially when used and maintained by more than one person. If SWRL is to become a true web standard, it has to be able to handle big rule sets. To find answers to this problem, we first surveyed business rule systems and found the key features and interfaces they used and then, based on our finds, we proposed techniques and tools that use new visual representations to edit rules in a web application. They allow error detection, rule similarity analysis, rule clustering visualization and atom reuse between rules. These tools are implemented in the SWRL Editor, an open source plug-in for Web-Protégé (a web-based ontology editor) that leverages Web-Protégés collaborative tools to allow groups of users to not only view and edit rules but also comment and discuss about them. We have done two evaluations of the SWRL Editor. The first one was a case study of two ontologies from the biomedical domain, the second was a comparison with the SWRL editors available in the literature, there are only three. In this comparison, it has been shown that the SWRL Editor implements more of the key resources found on general rule systems than the other three editors

A Web Semântica tem como meta fazer com que os conteúdos disponibilizados na Web tenham significado não apenas para pessoas, mas também que possam ser processados por máquinas. Essa meta está sendo realizada com o desenvolvimento e uso de ontologias para criar dados anotados semanticamente. Entre as distintas formas de anotação semântica, a Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) torna possível criar anotações no formato de regras que combinam regras com conceitos definidos em ontologias, especificadas em Web Ontology Language (OWL), para representar conhecimento sobre dados por meio de afirmações condicionais. Todavia, à medida que o número dessas regras crescem, seus desenvolvedores podem enfrentar dificuldades para gerenciá-las adequadamente. Um grande conjunto de regras torna-se difícil de entender e propício a erros, principalmente quando usado e mantido de forma colaborativa. Neste trabalho é apresentado um conjunto de soluções para aprimorar o uso e gerenciamento de regras SWRL, que compreendem o desenvolvimento de novas representações visuais, técnicas de classificação de regras e ferramenta de detecção de erros. Essas soluções resultaram no SWRL Editor, uma ferramenta Web de visualização e composição de regras que roda como um plug-in para o Web Protégé. Como estudo de caso, foi utilizada a Autism Phenologue Rules, uma ontologia para caracterizar fenótipos de autismo, para exemplificar um conjunto grande e complexo de regras SWRL. A partir desse estudo, uma nova representação visual específica para as regras dessa ontologia foi elaborada, permitindo que um especialista em autismo, sem grandes conhecimentos computacionais, seja capaz de ver e editar regras sem ter de se preocupar com a sintaxe da linguagem SWRL. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o SWRL Editor é uma ferramenta clara e intuitiva, contribuindo para um melhor entendimento, criação e gerenciamento de regras SWRL. / The Semantic Web aims to make web content available not only to people but also to computers using machine-readable formats. This goal is being realized with the development and use of ontologies to create semantically annotated data. Among the different ways to annotate data, the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) enables rule-based annotation that combines rules with ontology concepts, defined using the Web Ontology Language (OWL), to represent knowledge about data as conditional assertions. However, as the number of these rule-base annotations grows, developers face problems when trying to manage them. A large rule set becomes difficult to understand and prone to errors, especially when it is collaboratively maintained. This work presents solutions to improve SWRL rule use and management that include the development of new visual representations, classification techniques and error detection tools. These solutions resulted in the SWRL Editor, a webbased visualization and composition tool for SWRL rules that runs as a Web Protégé plug-in. As a case study, we used the Autism Phenologue Rules, an ontology to characterize autism phenotypes, to exemplify a large and complex SWRL rule set. From this study, a new visual representation, specific for this ontologys rules, has been developed, allowing an expert in autism, without a lot of computational knowledge, to be able to view and edit the rules without having to worry about SWRL syntax. The results obtained indicate that the SWRL Editor is a clear and intuitive tool, contributing for a better understanding and easing the creation and management of SWRL rule sets

Compared to traditional business services, IT-enabled services provide more value to customers and providers by enabling traditional business services with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and delivering them via e-channels (i.e., Internet, Mobile networks). Although IT-enabled service systems help in co-creating value through collaboration with customers during service design and delivery, they raise challenges when we attempt to understand, design and produce innovative and intelligent IT-enabled services from a multi-disciplinary perspective by including businesses, technology and people for value addition and increasing benefits. Due to their social-technical nature and characteristics (i.e., Intangibility, Inseparability, Perishability, Simultaneity), IT-enabled services also lack common methods to systemize services driven by customer requirements and their satisfactions and co-produce them through ad-hoc collaboration. In this thesis, we propose a middle-out methodology to model, design and systemize advanced IT-enabled service driven by customer requirements and collaboration among all actors to jointly co-create service systems. From a multi-disciplinary perspective, the methodology relies on a multi-view models including a service system reference model, a requirement model and a collaboration model to ensure system flexibility and adaptability to requirement changes and take into account joint efforts and collaboration of all service actors. The reference model aims at a multi-disciplinary description of services (ontological, systematical and characteristic-based descriptions), and formalizing business knowledge related to different domains. As for the requirement model, customer needs are specified in common expressiveness language understandable by all service actors and made possible its top-down propagation throughout service lifecycle and among actors. The collaboration model advocates a data-driven approach, which increases busi-ness, technical and semantic interoperability and exhibits stability in comparison to business processes centric approaches. Finally, the collaboration hinges on de-livery channels expressed as data flows and encapsulating business artifacts as per which business rules are generated to invoke underlying software components.

A Web Semântica tem como meta fazer com que os conteúdos disponibilizados na Web tenham significado não apenas para pessoas, mas também que possam ser processados por máquinas. Essa meta está sendo realizada com o desenvolvimento e uso de ontologias para criar dados anotados semanticamente. Entre as distintas formas de anotação semântica, a Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) torna possível criar anotações no formato de regras que combinam regras com conceitos definidos em ontologias, especificadas em Web Ontology Language (OWL), para representar conhecimento sobre dados por meio de afirmações condicionais. Todavia, à medida que o número dessas regras crescem, seus desenvolvedores podem enfrentar dificuldades para gerenciá-las adequadamente. Um grande conjunto de regras torna-se difícil de entender e propício a erros, principalmente quando usado e mantido de forma colaborativa. Neste trabalho é apresentado um conjunto de soluções para aprimorar o uso e gerenciamento de regras SWRL, que compreendem o desenvolvimento de novas representações visuais, técnicas de classificação de regras e ferramenta de detecção de erros. Essas soluções resultaram no SWRL Editor, uma ferramenta Web de visualização e composição de regras que roda como um plug-in para o Web Protégé. Como estudo de caso, foi utilizada a Autism Phenologue Rules, uma ontologia para caracterizar fenótipos de autismo, para exemplificar um conjunto grande e complexo de regras SWRL. A partir desse estudo, uma nova representação visual específica para as regras dessa ontologia foi elaborada, permitindo que um especialista em autismo, sem grandes conhecimentos computacionais, seja capaz de ver e editar regras sem ter de se preocupar com a sintaxe da linguagem SWRL. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o SWRL Editor é uma ferramenta clara e intuitiva, contribuindo para um melhor entendimento, criação e gerenciamento de regras SWRL. / The Semantic Web aims to make web content available not only to people but also to computers using machine-readable formats. This goal is being realized with the development and use of ontologies to create semantically annotated data. Among the different ways to annotate data, the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) enables rule-based annotation that combines rules with ontology concepts, defined using the Web Ontology Language (OWL), to represent knowledge about data as conditional assertions. However, as the number of these rule-base annotations grows, developers face problems when trying to manage them. A large rule set becomes difficult to understand and prone to errors, especially when it is collaboratively maintained. This work presents solutions to improve SWRL rule use and management that include the development of new visual representations, classification techniques and error detection tools. These solutions resulted in the SWRL Editor, a webbased visualization and composition tool for SWRL rules that runs as a Web Protégé plug-in. As a case study, we used the Autism Phenologue Rules, an ontology to characterize autism phenotypes, to exemplify a large and complex SWRL rule set. From this study, a new visual representation, specific for this ontologys rules, has been developed, allowing an expert in autism, without a lot of computational knowledge, to be able to view and edit the rules without having to worry about SWRL syntax. The results obtained indicate that the SWRL Editor is a clear and intuitive tool, contributing for a better understanding and easing the creation and management of SWRL rule sets

Comparé aux services traditionnels du secteur tertiaire, les services facilités par les technologies de l'information et des communications (ITeS, à partir du sigle en anglais, IT-enabled Services) suscitent un intérêt croissant de clients et fournisseurs d'une part du fait de l’automatisation des processus et d'autre part grâce aux nouveaux canaux de communication (Internet, réseaux mobiles, …) que ces services supportent. De ce fait, les ITeS co-créent de la valeur ajoutée due à la collaboration entre les clients et les fournisseurs lors de la conception et la livraison de services. Cet enrichissement des services traditionnels conduit à une remise à plat des méthodes actuelles de conception de biens et de services. En effet, elles ne permettent pas de répondre aux exigences imposées par ce contexte de collaboration multidisciplinaire qui intègrent les entreprises, les technologies de l'information et de la communication et les acteurs sociaux. Les caractéristiques intrinsèques des services (à savoir, l'intangibilité, l'inséparabilité, la périssabilité, la simultanéité) et leur nature sociotechnique requière à la fois une méthodologie de conception globale dirigée par les exigences des clients en vue de leur satisfaction et une approche systémique prenant en compte la dimension collaborative, le cycle de vie des services et les changements organisationnels, métiers et technologiques. Pour faire face à ces enjeux, nous proposons une méthodologie descendante pour modéliser et concevoir un système de services dirigé par les exigences des clients et supportant la collaboration entre tous les acteurs afin de permettre la co-création de ce système. Notre méthodologie repose sur une approche pluridisciplinaire et offre un ensemble de modèles interconnectés (modèle de référence de service, modèle d’exigence et modèle de collaboration) ce qui permet d’une part de donner de la flexibilité au système et de la rendre adaptable en cas de changements des exigences et d’autre part de supporter la collaboration entre tous les acteurs. Le modèle de référence offre une description des différentes dimensions du système de services (ontologique, caractéristiques et systémique) et explicite ainsi les connaissances liées aux domaines différents. En se basant sur le modèle d’exigences, les besoins du client sont spécifiés dans un langage commun et compréhensible par tous les acteurs. Ceci permet leur propagation dans tout le cycle de vie de service et leur diffusion à tous les acteurs. Le modèle de collaboration préconise une approche guidée par les données - une approche opposée aux processus métiers collaboratifs traditionnels - ce qui favorise l'interopérabilité technique et sémantique et augmente la stabilité du système face aux changements. Enfin, La collaboration s’appuie sur les canaux de communication qui engendrent des flux d'objets métiers selon lesquels des règles d'affaires sont générées afin d’invoquer les composants logiciels sous-jacents. / Compared to traditional business services, IT-enabled services provide more value to customers and providers by enabling traditional business services with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and delivering them via e-channels (i.e., Internet, Mobile networks). Although IT-enabled service systems help in co-creating value through collaboration with customers during service design and delivery, they raise challenges when we attempt to understand, design and produce innovative and intelligent IT-enabled services from a multi-disciplinary perspective by including businesses, technology and people for value addition and increasing benefits. Due to their social-technical nature and characteristics (i.e., Intangibility, Inseparability, Perishability, Simultaneity), IT-enabled services also lack common methods to systemize services driven by customer requirements and their satisfactions and co-produce them through ad-hoc collaboration. In this thesis, we propose a middle-out methodology to model, design and systemize advanced IT-enabled service driven by customer requirements and collaboration among all actors to jointly co-create service systems. From a multi-disciplinary perspective, the methodology relies on a multi-view models including a service system reference model, a requirement model and a collaboration model to ensure system flexibility and adaptability to requirement changes and take into account joint efforts and collaboration of all service actors. The reference model aims at a multi-disciplinary description of services (ontological, systematical and characteristic-based descriptions), and formalizing business knowledge related to different domains. As for the requirement model, customer needs are specified in common expressiveness language understandable by all service actors and made possible its top-down propagation throughout service lifecycle and among actors. The collaboration model advocates a data-driven approach, which increases busi-ness, technical and semantic interoperability and exhibits stability in comparison to business processes centric approaches. Finally, the collaboration hinges on de-livery channels expressed as data flows and encapsulating business artifacts as per which business rules are generated to invoke underlying software components.