During the period 1980 to 2008 there were 359 fatal accidents involving UK registered light aeroplanes of which 36% occurred in visual meteorological conditions. In all, 216 lives were lost with accidents being attributed to the pilot 'failing to maintain proper control resulting in a stall or spin'. Dissimilar fatal stallrelated accident rates are evident for aeroplane makes & models of similar design. During the course of this programme of research, flight testing of two similar aeroplane models using a case study method showed marked differences in the variation of stick force with airspeed or stick force gradient in all flight conditions. This suggested that 'control feel' was a contributory factor towards the pilot’s failure to maintain proper control. Current certification standards for light aeroplanes rely upon the subjective assessment of stick force gradients by test pilots, requiring that substantial changes in airspeed are accompanied by clearly perceptible changes in stick force with no specified minimum gradient. This programme of research has been carried out to determine acceptable criteria for stick force gradients of a light aeroplane in all flight conditions. Criteria has been determined from flight tests of aeroplanes with different in-service safety records and subjective pilot workload assessment using simulated flying tasks with different stick force gradients performed by twenty GA pilots. Simulation tests indicated that pilot mental demand increased significantly (p > 0.05) when stick force gradient was reduced to ‘zero’, representing an aeroplane with neutral longitudinal static stability. A predictive model has been developed to estimate stick force gradients for a light aeroplane in any flight condition under quasi-static, longitudinal, non-manoeuvring flight and 1-g loading conditions. The model builds upon previous published work limited to cruising flight, and enables the estimation of stick forces and gradients due to high lift devices in the climb and landing condition by consideration of the combined effects of wing loading, CG, elevator gearing, flaps and elevator trim setting. Implemented using MATLAB, the model has been validated by comparing with flight test results for the case study aeroplanes and showed mean differences of ±0.025 daN/kt. The predictive model should be used in preliminary aeroplane design to assess tendencies towards neutral stability in high workload, safety critical flight conditions such as the take-off and landing. In addition, the model should be used to analyse existing aeroplanes with comparatively low or neutral stick force gradients in safety critical flight phases and to predict the effects of changing CG and/or flap limits to increase stick force gradient and improve control feel. The combined results of these studies suggest that a minimum acceptable stick force gradient for a non-aerobatic light aeroplane in all flight conditions should be nonzero and between 0.10~0.13 daN/kt. A stable and predictable stick force variation with airspeed will ensure that any substantial deviation from trimmed airspeed is accompanied by a stick force change clearly perceptible to the pilot and also provide additional warning of the proximity to the stall. The use of specific criteria to complement qualitative test pilot opinion, will assist in confirming compliance and provide consistency with current standards for sailplanes/powered sailplanes and large commercial aeroplanes, both of which already have defined minimum acceptable gradients.

Risk analysis is a powerful science-based tool that can be used to control and mitigate microbial food safety hazards. Codex recommends conducting preliminary risk management activities (PRMAs) to initiate risk analysis and to plan the risk assessment process. The information learned from these PRMAs should be utilized to construct a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model. Then, risk management activities can utilize the QMRA model to identify and select microbial risk management (MRM) options. In this project, Codex recommendations for conducting risk analysis were followed to analyze the risk of acquiring salmonellosis from whole broiler (meat chickens) consumption within the United States. At the first stage, the risk of Salmonella on whole broilers was quantitatively estimated by attributing reported annual salmonellosis to whole broilers. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was constructed to build an informative risk analysis model based on performance criteria, while minimizing associated modeling complications. The QMRA model was constructed in Excel® (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) with the @RISK® Add-ins software (Palisade Corp., Ithaca, NY, USA). @RISK® software was used to perform Monte Carlo simulations that account for attendant uncertainties. After the model was tested and calibrated, it estimated the annual salmonellosis cases from whole broilers as 216,408 case/year that corresponds to the number of salmonellosis reported by Center for Disease and Control Prevention (CDC). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was performed where 16 sensitive inputs (potential places for food safety interventions) and 10 data gaps (inputs that significantly affect the overall uncertainty) were reported. Some QMRA model results were transformed to MRM metrics. These MRM metrics, including ALOPs (Appropriate Level of Protection), FSOs (Food Safety Objectives), POs (Performance Objectives), and PC (Performance Criteria), were calculated along with a sampling plan for a food safety control system. The MRM metrics were utilized to identify and plan food control interventions such as risk communication, auditing, inspection, and monitoring. Furthermore, the QMRA model was utilized to identify and to quantitatively evaluate food safety interventions that affect Salmonella prevalence and/or concentration. / Ph. D.

2008年7月政府開放第一類大陸人民來臺觀光， 復於2011年6月開放陸客來臺個人旅遊，霎時大陸旅客蜂湧來臺，然持續擴大開放政策之同時，陸客利用觀光來臺涉犯諸如竊盜、詐欺、賣淫等違法案件所在多有，不禁令人擔憂後遺症是否浮現？ 本文研究目的，即在分析政府開放陸客第一類來臺觀光以來，對臺灣治安有哪些影響，並探討其因應對策。文中採用文獻分析法、深入訪談法及次級資料分析法等，並援引「非法移民」、「理性選擇」、「跨境犯罪」等理論，探究該政策實施迄今對我社會治安影響為何？及分析各治安機關執行陸客來臺觀光審核、管理與查緝之問題與瓶頸？ 經研究發現，政府開放陸客第一類來臺觀光以來，衍生之治安現象如下：(1)先脫團、後犯案模式轉變；(2)審核不嚴方便『合法入境掩護非法活動』行為；(3)人蛇集團仲介色情賣淫及跨境重大竊盜案、詐騙犯罪問題；(4)違法模式隨政策持續改變。另執行安全管理問題如下：(1)法令受政策影響，有欠通盤考量；(2)陸客人流審核管理現隱憂；(3)安全與經濟、人權呈現拉扯；(4)法制不同影響打擊犯罪合作；(5)審核人力、專業性不足；(6)旅行社業務轉讓，危機意識欠缺；(7)電信犯罪偵查困境仍待突破。 經歸納後提出以下建議：(1)法律制定作長期性考量；(2)設置兩岸官方辦事處，強化源頭管理、促進打擊犯罪；(3)卡式入境許可證結合悠遊卡、電子錢包促銷觀光；(4)兩岸防治跨境犯罪相關規定法制化；(5)檢討移民署組織人力與需求；(6)加強查察旅行社違規接待或轉讓業務；(7)強化治安實務交流與訓練，建構兩岸犯罪資料庫。 / In July 2008, Taiwanese government passed a legislation allowing tour groups from Mainland China to travel into Taiwan. In June 2011, Taiwanese government first allowed travelers from Mainland China on an individual basis and soon generated tremendous numbers of Chinese tourists in Taiwan. Nevertheless, when the opening policy for individual tourists from Mainland China increased substantially, illegal activities such as larceny, fraudulence, prostitution and so on emerged at the same time. It’s worrying that Chinese tourists may have had negative impacts on Taiwan. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impacts on the public security in Taiwan and countermeasures since legislation allowing tour groups from Mainland China to travel to Taiwan. In this paper, research methods (such as literature review, in-depth interview and secondary data analysis) are applied to investigate the impacts of the opening policy for Chinese tourists on the public security in Taiwan. Theories about “illegal immigrants,” “rational choice theory,” “transnational crime,” and so on are cited. The research found that the following negative influences on public security brought by allowing tour groups from Mainland China to travel into Taiwan: (1) tourists from Mainland China leaving the tour group first and using the different modus operandi to do illegal activities, (2) lenient examination on tourists from Mainland China leading to illegal activities covered by legal immigration, (3) criminal behaviors (e.g. trans-border larceny, prostitution, fraudulence, etc.) being conducted by people smuggling syndicates, (4) illegal activities appearing in different forms when the policy change happens. The following are problems of execution of safety control: (1) enactment of laws and orders being influenced by policies, not taking all things into consideration. (2) potential problems with the examination on tourists from Mainland China. (3) dilemma of choosing economy booting, safety control, or human right protection. (4) different legal systems influencing the cooperation of crime-fighting. (5) lack of manpower and insufficient professionalism. (6) travel agencies being lack of the awareness of crisis when transferring business. (7) the plight of the investigation on telephone fraud. Here are some suggestions inducted to solve the problems: (1) enacting the laws and orders with the long-run consideration. (2) establishing the official cross-strait office to enhance safety control and crime-fighting cooperation. (3) combining EasyCard and Visa Cash with entry permit to boost tourism. (4) enacting relating laws to prevent trans-border illegal activities. (5) reviewing the lack of manpower of National Immigration Agency. (6) enhancing the examination on travel agencies to check whether they accept tourists or convey business illegally or not. (7) intensifying the training courses of crime-fighting for police officers, sharing the practical experiences, and setting criminal databases.

La thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte actuel de régulation internationale de la sécurité sanitaire des aliments. Elle se situe au croisement de la théorie du commerce international, de l’économie industrielle et de l’économie du développement. Il s’agit d’évaluer les conditions favorables à une co-régulation multilatérale efficace et équitable de la sécurité des aliments. Une telle co-régulation doit assurer à la fois la santé des consommateurs des pays développés par rapport aux importations provenant des pays en développement, l’accès de ces pays aux marchés du Nord et la santé des consommateurs des pays en développement à travers l’amélioration des pratiques de production et de commercialisation des filières domestiques. Dans une première partie de la thèse, nous analysons les conditions d’une co-gouvernance Nord-Sud du risque sanitaire, qui soit bénéfique à la fois à la santé des consommateurs du Nord et aux revenus des producteurs du Sud. En se plaçant dans le contexte des marchés domestiques des PED, la deuxième partie de la thèse détermine les conditions pour lesquelles la sécurité alimentaire au sens quantitatif n’est pas incompatible avec la sécurité sanitaire des aliments. Dans une dernière partie de la thèse, nous analysons les instruments publics qui permettent de faire profiter les marchés domestiques du Sud des avancées réalisées dans les filières d’exportation. Sur un plan méthodologique, la thèse se base sur le cadre conceptuel de la théorie de l’organisation industrielle. Les modèles théoriques que nous proposons viennent en appui aux travaux empiriques et aux faits stylisés dont nous faisons une revue détaillée / This thesis is part of the current context of the international regulation of food safety. It stands at the crossroads of international trade theory, industrial economics and development economics and it comes to evaluate the conditions for an effective and fair multilateral co-regulation of food safety. Such a co-regulation should ensure consumers’ health in developed countries faced to imports from developing countries, the access of developing countries to Northern markets and consumers’ health in developing countries through the improvement of production and commercialization practices in domestic supply chains. In the first part of the thesis, we analyze the conditions for a North-South co-governance of health risk, which would be beneficial to both the health of consumers in the North and producers’ incomes in the South. Considering the context of domestic markets in developing countries, the second part of the thesis determines the conditions for which food security, in a quantitative sense, is not incompatible with food safety. In the last part of the thesis, we analyze public interventions that allow South domestic markets to benefit from progresses achieved in the export sectors. From a methodological point of view, the thesis is based on the conceptual framework of the Theory of Industrial Organization. The theoretical models that we propose serve as a support for empirical works and stylized facts that we review in detail.

Le projet de recherche présenté dans cette thèse a été réalisé avec la collaboration de la Direction de l'Ingénierie SNCF et le CReSTIC de l'Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA). L'objectif de ce projet est de contribuer à l'amélioration des études de conception du contrôle/commande des projets d'électrification menées par les chargés d'études. Ce projet doit répondre à des objectifs humains, économiques et techniques exprimés par la SNCF, notamment appliqué au domaine des Equipements d'Alimentation des Lignes Electrifiées (EALE). Pour répondre à ces problématiques, une méthodologie pour les études d'automatisation est proposée. Elle intègre deux axes de recherche. Le premier axe est la génération automatique de livrables (codes, documents, schémas…). Celle-ci repose nécessairement sur une standardisation et une modélisation du « métier ». L'approche MDD (Model Driven Development) du génie logiciel et l'approche DSM (Domain Specific Modeling), apporte des éléments de solution reposant sur l'utilisation de « templates métiers ». Toutefois, il est fondamental de générer des livrables de qualité et du code API (Automates Programmables Industriels) sûr de fonctionnement. Le second axe de recherche s'intéresse à la commande sûre de fonctionnement. Trois approches de synthèse de la commande (la Supervisory Control Theory (SCT), la synthèse algébrique, la commande par contraintes logiques) permettant a priori de répondre à ces objectifs de sûreté sont présentées et discutées. La commande par contraintes logiques présente l'avantage majeur de séparer la sécurité (qui est vérifiée formellement hors ligne par model-checking) et le fonctionnel, et de pouvoir être utilisée avec des programmes API existants, ne remettant pas ainsi en cause la méthodologie de travail des chargés d'études. / The research project presented in this thesis has been realized with the collaboration of the Engineer Department of the SNCF and the CReSTIC of the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne. The goal of this project is to contribute to the improvement of the control studies of the electrification projects realized by the design engineers. This project must meet human, economic and technical aims expressed by the SNCF applied to the field of the Power Supply Equipments of the Electrified Lines (EALE in french). To answer these problems, a methodology for the automation studies is proposed. It integrates two research orientations were studied. The first axis is the automatic generation the deliverables (codes, documents, diagrams…). This axis is based on standardization and modeling of the “work”. MDD (Model Driven Development) and DSM (Domain Specific Modeling) approaches, brings suggestions for solution based on the use of “work templates”. However, it is fundamental to generate quality deliverables and safe PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) code. The second research orientation is interested in safe control. Three approaches of control synthesis (Supervisory Control Theory (SCT), the algebraic synthesis, the control by logical constraints) permitting a priori to reach these aims of safety are presented and discussed. The major advantage of the control by logical constraints is to separate the safety (which is checked formally off line by model-checking) and the functional parts. It can be used with existing PLC programs, which doesn't change thus the working methodology of the design engineers.