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L'objet « pôle d'échanges », à l'interface de la ville et des transports, émerge depuis quelques années comme un thème central des recherches sur les relations entre réseaux et territoires. Cette thèse analyse, à partir de l'évolution institutionnelle récente, l'enjeu que représentent les pôles d'échanges pour les nouvelles structures de coopération intercommunale, notamment les communautés d'agglomération devenues la principale forme d'Autorité Organisatrice des Transports Urbains (AOTU) depuis la loi Chevènement (1999). <br /><br />Pour répondre à la problématique qui considère les pôles d'échanges comme des « lieux institutionnels originaux », un panorama à l'échelle nationale est d'abord réalisé. Celui-ci examine la manière dont l'autorité intercommunale « pense » les pôles d'échanges à travers les « représentations » associées au dessin du réseau (sur le plan de transport urbain) et au dessein de l'Autorité Organisatrice des Transports Urbains (dans le Plan de Déplacements Urbains). Le panorama est complété par un regard croisé des enjeux liés à l'aménagement des pôles d'échanges dans la région stéphanoise et dans l'arrondissement de Valenciennes. <br /><br />Cette recherche a notamment permis de mettre en valeur le rôle des pôles d'échanges dans l'affirmation d'une identité d'agglomération. Ces nœuds s'affirment comme des objets de pouvoir tout en constituant des lieux d'incertitude et de tâtonnement de l'action publique locale. L'analyse a également pointé les difficultés de l'intercommunalité sur les projets qui dépassent le strict cadre de ses compétences et de son périmètre. Les pôles d'échanges, tels qu'ils sont pensés et construits en France, peinent à s'affirmer comme des « interfaces » concentrant des enjeux de nature intersectorielle et spatiale.

While the development of hagiography over time has long attracted the attention of medievalists, scholars have not fully explored the critical role of the liturgy in prompting and transmitting these changes. This dissertation examines the liturgies for the patron saints of three musical and ecclesiastical centers in medieval Aquitaine: the cathedrals of Saint-Trophime in Arles, Saint-Just-et-Saint-Pasteur in Narbonne, and Saint-Étienne in Toulouse. Through the music, texts, and ritual actions of the liturgy, the clerical communities of these three institutions reinforced some aspects of their patron saint's legendary biography and modified others. Yet the process unfolded differently at each cathedral, revealing the particular preferences of the canons of each community as well as their changing circumstances during the Middle Ages. In Arles, the office for St. Trophime, which was likely composed at the cathedral, shows dramatic changes in the saint's hagiography. The clerics in Narbonne also composed an office for their patron saints but did not substantially change the details of Justus and Pastor's legendary biography. In Toulouse, the canons selected from among the preexisting repertoire of chants and texts available for St. Stephen, crafting liturgies that were particular to Saint-Étienne within a clearly Aquitanian context. By revealing the ways in which the clerics of Saint-Trophime, Saint-Just, and Saint-Étienne shaped the legendary biographies of their patron saints, my work provides new insights into the ways in which clerical communities throughout Latin Christendom shaped and reshaped the hagiographic portraits of their patron saints through the creation, compilation, and celebration of new liturgies.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the future of religious heritage has provoked consideration within the fields of law, history, architecture and heritage. The origin of this problem is explained both by the decline in traditional worship practices, essentially Catholic in France, from the 1960s onwards, and by the Church’s lack of human and financial resources, which has resulted in the appearance of veritable "religious desert". This process, related to society’s secularisation, is expected to increase because of the likelihood of these two factors intensifying. If convents, monasteries, seminaries and other Catholic religious buildings have already been affected by this phenomenon, parish church buildings are now in turn losing their original function. Quebec has also experienced this phenomenon, but its historical and legal contexts have accelerated the transformation of churches which in turn resulted in the establishment of a "churches Plan" aiming at preserving church buildings by converting them.In this thesis, that pioneering programme is used in relation to the Lyons Saint-Etienne urban area, as a lens through which to read the French situation and as a tool for generating methods adapted to its specific context.The first part summarises the specific heritage and legal knowledge bases from Quebec and France concerning their parish churches, which is necessary for understanding the two contexts. The second part is an observational study, which defines the territory and creates an inventory of the corpus of research. We first provide an inventory of 429 parish churches within the territory studied here. From an analysis of their transformations, we propose three major typologies ("historical", "19th-century" and "20 h-century " churches), Using the cases of church conversions in ou corpus, we analyse the degree of compatibility between their previous worship use and their new uses, and then formulate hypotheses relating architectural interventions for adaptative reuse to restoration theories. The third part is an action-research interventional study. Three representative case studies from each church typology have been selected, in the town of Montarcher, Givors and Villeurbanne. For each case, a participatory approach has been set up with the municipality, inhabitants and associations, in order to propose reconversion scenarios adapted to local needs.This work shows that the demolition of parish churches, widely perceived as a common good, threatens the transmission of local identities. It therefore seems essential to start a global reflection on the evolution of this heritage, one which takes into account territorial issues, citizens' demands and the architectural diversity of these buildings. We show that the architect, through both his sensitivity to the place and his technical, can play a central role in implementing of these reflection. / Since the beginning of the 21st century, the future of religious heritage has provoked consideration within the fields of law, history, architecture and heritage. The origin of this problem is explained both by the decline in traditional worship practices, essentially Catholic in France, from the 1960s onwards, and by the Church’s lack of human and financial resources, which has resulted in the appearance of veritable "religious desert". This process, related to society’s secularisation, is expected to increase because of the likelihood of these two factors intensifying. If convents, monasteries, seminaries and other Catholic religious buildings have already been affected by this phenomenon, parish church buildings are now in turn losing their original function. Quebec has also experienced this phenomenon, but its historical and legal contexts have accelerated the transformation of churches which in turn resulted in the establishment of a "churches Plan" aiming at preserving church buildings by converting them.In this thesis, that pioneering programme is used in relation to the Lyons Saint-Etienne urban area, as a lens through which to read the French situation and as a tool for generating methods adapted to its specific context.The first part summarises the specific heritage and legal knowledge bases from Quebec and France concerning their parish churches, which is necessary for understanding the two contexts. The second part is an observational study, which defines the territory and creates an inventory of the corpus of research. We first provide an inventory of 429 parish churches within the territory studied here. From an analysis of their transformations, we propose three major typologies ("historical", "19th-century" and "20 h-century " churches), Using the cases of church conversions in ou corpus, we analyse the degree of compatibility between their previous worship use and their new uses, and then formulate hypotheses relating architectural interventions for adaptative reuse to restoration theories. The third part is an action-research interventional study. Three representative case studies from each church typology have been selected, in the town of Montarcher, Givors and Villeurbanne. For each case, a participatory approach has been set up with the municipality, inhabitants and associations, in order to propose reconversion scenarios adapted to local needs.This work shows that the demolition of parish churches, widely perceived as a common good, threatens the transmission of local identities. It therefore seems essential to start a global reflection on the evolution of this heritage, one which takes into account territorial issues, citizens' demands and the architectural diversity of these buildings. We show that the architect, through both his sensitivity to the place and his technical, can play a central role in implementing of these reflection.