Texte remanié de: Diss.--Geschichtswissenschaft--Frankfurt am Main, 1977. / Bibliogr. p. 226-240. Index.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral)--Göttingen, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [245]-256) and index.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral)--Göttingen, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [245]-256) and index.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In Dante’s Divine Comedy he makes multiple direct references to Islam and Muslims, but there is debate about the amount of influence, if any, Islam had on him while composing his masterwork. This paper attempts to show how the poet, consciously or unconsciously, responded to Islam as a theological and political threat. This is done through analysis of Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt and Crusader leader who was well respected in Europe in Dante’s era; analyzing the Prophet Muhammad’s suffering in Canto XXVIII; and comparing the Divine Comedy to the Prophet Muhammad’s own Night Journey, the al-Isrā wa al-Mi’rāj with a brief discussion on how Mi’rāj texts might have reached Dante.

Cette thèse cherche à étudier les rapports entre le pouvoir et les soufis en Syrie et en Égypte à l'époque de Nûr al-Dîn (1154-1174) et de son successeur Saladin (1174-1193). En cette seconde moitié du XIIe siècle, les croisades et la lutte contre les Fatimides et leur idéologie firent de la présence des soufis et des mystiques sur ces territoires une opportunité pour les gouvernants en quête de légitimité. Différents groupes de soufis originaires d'Iran, du Caucase, de Jazîra, du Maghreb et d'al-Andalus convergèrent alors vers ces territoires centraux du dâr al-Islam pour participer à la vie religieuse et soutenir la politique religieuse de ces princes. Les contacts entre le pouvoir et les shaykh; soufis furent alors nombreux et ces derniers se virent confier un certain nombre de missions, notamment diplomatiques, les impliquant directement dans la vie politique. Une politique de construction de lieux d'accueil (ribât et khânqâh) pour les soufis financés par des waqf mobilisa les souverains ainsi que les hommes et les femmes de leur entourage. L’histoire de ces fondations soutenues par le pouvoir est au centre de cette thèse qui cherche aussi à comprendre le mode de vie de ces populations et à étudier les conséquences qu’eut cette ingérence du pouvoir sur la vie matérielle des mystiques au sein de leur structure d'accueil. / This thesis seeks to study the relationship between the authorities and the Sufis in Syria and Egypt in the time of Nûr al-Dîn (1154-1174) and his successor Saladin (1174-1193). In the second half of the twelfth century, the Crusades and the conflict against the Fatimids and their ideology made of the presence of the Sufis and Mystics on these territories an opportunity for rulers in search of legitimacy. Different groups of Sufis from Iran, the Caucasus, the Jazîra, the Maghreb and al-Andalus converged to these central territories of the dâr al-Islâm to take part in religious life and support the religious policy of these princes. Contacts between the authorities and the Sufi shaykh were numerous and the latter were entrusted with a number of missions, including diplomatic missions, directly involving them in political life. A building policy of hosting structures (ribât and khânqâh) for the Sufis, supported by the waqf, mobilized the rulers as well as the men and women of their entourage. The history of these foundations supported by the authorities is at the center of this thesis which also seeks to understand the way of life of these populations and to study the consequences that the interference of the authorities had on the material life of the mystics within their hosting structures.

No description available.

No description available.

Cette thèse propose une perspective comparatiste pour étudier Acre et Alexandrie, aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles. La comparaison se nourrit des ressemblances et des divergences entre les deux villes. Elle se concentre cependant sur des aspects précis de leur histoire : les conflits et les échanges par le biais de leurs acteurs, de leurs impacts et de leurs conséquences à la fois sur chacune des deux cités et, plus largement, à l'échelle régionale de la Méditerranée orientale. Durant la période de domination latine en Terre Sainte, Acre et Alexandrie paraissent, à première vue, très différentes puisqu'elles s'inscrivent, au cours de cette période, dans deux sociétés disctinctes. Acre est gouvernée par une élite étrangère. Ses quartiers évoluent en fonction de conflits entre les factions occidentales et les privilèges qui leur sont accordés par le roi de Jérusalem. Alexandrie reste une ville orientale sur laquelle les Croisades ont peu d'impact. La démarche comparatiste permet une mise en cause de cette représentation trop approximative. Elle révèle à la fois d'autres différences et un certain nombre de similitudes dans l'évolution des deux villes. Le corpus disponible pour cette étude montre une transformation topographique importante d'Acre et d'Alexandrie au XIIIe siècle. Il permet également l'étude des systèmes servant à l'entretien des élites dans les deux cités ainsi que l'évolution du rôle des deux villes dans différents réseaux et espaces (la Méditerrranée, les villes portuaires à proximité, l'hinterland immédiat, les routes de pèlerinage et de commerce) en fonction des changements politiques, des conquêtes militaires, mais aussi du progrès technique. / This thesis offers a comparative study of Acre and Alexandria during the 12th and 13th centuries. The comparison draws on the similarities and differences between both cities. However, particular focus is given to some specific aspects in their history, especially through a study of the main players in conflicts and forms of exchange, and the impact and consequences of these on both cities as well as on the Eastern Mediterrranean. During the Latin domination of the Holy Land, Acre and Alexandria initially seem very different from one another because they were part of two distinct societies at this time. Acre was governed by a foreign elite. The town’s quarters evolved with the conflicts which opposed the different western factions inside the city, as well as the privileges that these groups received from the King of Jerusalem. Alexandria, on the other hand, remained an oriental city on which the Crusades had very little impact. This comparative study offers a broader view of their history, showing other differences between them as well as similarities in their historical development. The sources available for this research show important topographic development in Acre and Alexandria during the 13th century. They also contain information about the institutions allotted to support the local elites as well as on the evolving role of Acre and Alexandria within different networks and areas (the Mediterranean, nearby port cities, the immediate hinterland, trade and pilgrimage routes) in periods of political change, military conquests, but also of technical progress.

The third crusade could be likened to a chess game, taking place between the English King Richard I and the Muslim Sultan Saladin. The game that eventually ended in stalemate because neither Richard nor Saladin were able to gain an advantage over his opponent, which would lead to the final turn. The attitudes of both men were very different and this is obviously reflected in their ruling and military capabilities. The question which therefore arises is, how were Richard I and Saladin linked? The answer is simple. The King of England and the Muslim Sultan were on a larger scale linked with a right to the Holy Land and in the narrow scale to Jerusalem. If we try to understand Saladin and Richard we must focus on the period in which they lived, the situation in the Holy Land and minds of Christians and Muslims. This goal is also subject to the methodology of the work, descriptive method with contextual analysis and structure of the thesis were chosen.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att jämföra tre olika metoder (Mallettenheten, Saladinkortet och Wessonkortet) för att mäta fixationsdisparitet, se ifall metoderna hade en bra repeterbarhet samt jämföra resultaten från fixationsdisparitetstesterna med den uppmätta forin.Material och metod: I studien deltog 19 personer mellan 20–31 år, alla hade samsyn. Undersökningen utfördes i en ordning som gjorde att ögonen skulle tröttas ut så lite som möjligt för att inte påverka resultatet. Den började med anamnes, refraktion, forimätningar med modifierad Thorington på avstånd och på nära håll och sedan utfördes mätningar av fixationsdisparitet, varje metod utfördes tre gånger för att få fram ett medelvärde. Undersökningen avslutades med mätning av KNP, ackommodationsamplitud och vergensmätningar.Resultat: 11 av 19 försökspersoner hade någon fixationsdisparitet (FD) enligt Mallett, Saladin eller Wesson. Då Mallett endast mäter den associerade forin och inte FD så användes inte den i jämförelserna. Studien visar en statistiskt signifikant skillnad i uppmätt FD mellan Wesson och Saladin (p = 0,027). En Bland-Altman analys visade att skillnaden mellan mätresultaten blev högre ju högre fixationsdispariteten var. Repeterbarheten var god för Wesson (ICC = 0,95) och Mallett (ICC = 0,87), men något lägre för Saladin (ICC = 0,71). En envägs- RM ANOVA visade inga signifikanta skillnader mellan de tre mätningarna för någon av metoderna. 47 % av försökspersonerna hade en FD som gick åt samma håll som den uppmätta forin. 10 % hade FD som gick åt motsatt håll från forin. Varken Wesson eller Saladin visade någon signifikant korrelation med forin: Wesson (p = 0,11, R = 0,15) och Saladin (p = 0,08, R = 0,17).Slutsats: Studien visar att det fanns en signifikant skillnad mellan Saladintestet och Wessontestet och att de således inte är utbytbara med varandra. Repeterbarheten har varit god för två av tre metoder. Det här studien har visat att om fixationsdispariteten ska mätas kliniskt kan det vara bra för undersökaren att bestämma sig för ett test och bara använda det, det går inte att dra slutsatsen helt då detta bör testas på en större grupp försökspersoner. / The aim of this study was to compare three clinical tests used for measuring fixation disparity. The correlation between fixation disparity and phoria was evaluated and the repeatability for each method.This study included 19 subjects (aged from 20 to 31 years); all had functional binocular vision. The order of the tests in the examination was chosen to prevent fatigue from effecting the results. Following case history, binocular refraction, and phoria measurements at distance and near, the examination proceeded in measurement of fixation disparity with each of the three tests; three measurements were performed for each, and averaged. The examination concluded with measurements of NPC, amplitude of accommodation and vergences.Eleven of 19 subjects had FD to some degree according to Mallett, Saladin or Wesson. Since the Mallett unit only measures the associated phoria, the results could not be used in this study.This study shows a significant difference in measured FD between Wesson and Saladin (p=0.027). A Bland-Altman analysis showed a significant difference between the results; it showed that the higher the fixation disparity the greater the difference between the two measurements (p <0.0001). The repeatability was good for Wesson (ICC = 0.95) and Mallett (ICC = 0.87), however lower for Saladin (ICC = 0.71). A One Way- RM ANOVA showed no significant difference between the three measurements for each method. FD deviated in the same direction as the measured phoria for 47 % of the subjects; 10 % had FD that deviated in the opposite direction from the measured phoria. Wesson and Saladin showed no significant correlation to the phoria: Wesson (Pearsson r = 0.15; p = 0.11), and Saladin (Pearsson r = 0.17; p= 0.08).The study shows that there is a significant difference in the results of fixation disparity between the Saladin card and the Wesson card indicating that these methods can’t be used interchangeably. Repeatability was better for Mallett and Wesson but not so good for Saladin. There was a significant correlation between phoria and fixation disparity in means of the direction of deviation i.e. an exophoria is often followed by an exo fixation disparity.In a clinical setting, it might be advisable to adopt one single method and not compare results with those obtained by other instruments.