Orientador: Antônio Evaldo Klar / Coorientador: Ênio Farias de França e Silva / Banca: Hélio Grassi Filho / Banca: Tales Miler Soares / Resumo: O uso em execesso de fertilizantes em cultivo sobre ambiente protegido pode levar à salinização, e esse processo pode ser monitorado pela condutividade elétrica na solução do solo. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização de extratores em cápsulas porosas no manejo da fertirrigação e no controle do processo de salinização em cultivo de beterraba (Beta vulgaris L.). Duas cultivares de beterraba (Early Wonder Tall Top e Itapuã) foram avaliadas em função de dois manejos de fertirrigação, sendo o primeiro o manejo tradicional utilizado pelos produtores rurais e o segundo com uso de extratores de solução do solo para controle da salinidade. O experimento foi realizado em vasos de 14 L e salinizados artificialmente a diferentes níveis de condutividade elétrica no extrato de saturação (1,0; 3,0; 6,0; 9,0; 12,0; dSm-1). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o controle através de extratores em cápsulas porosas é eficiente no monitoramento de solos com problemas de salinização. Observou-se também que o controle da solução do solo em níveis de condutividade elétrica desejados, proporcionou um efeito benéfico no cultivo da beterraba evitando desequilíbrios iônicos e salinização do solo. O cultivo em ambiente protegido proporcionou menor consumo hídrico e coeficiente de cultivo do que os citados na literatura para cultivo convencional. Os manejos da fertirrigação utilizados proporcionaram efeitos significativos nas variáveis relacionadas ao crescimento e produtividade da ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The excessive use of fertilizers in farming on protected environment can lead to salinization, and this process can be monitored by electrical conductivity in the soil solution. The present study was carried out to evaluate the extraction of soil solution by porous cups, which were used with the purpose to manage the fertigation and control the salinization in beet crop (Beta vulgaris L.) Two beet cultivars (Early Wonder Tall Top and Itapuã) were evaluated against two fertigation managements, the first being the traditional management used by farmers and the second with the use of soil solution extractors to control salinity. The experiment was carried out in 14 L pots and artificially salinized with different levels of electrical conductivity in the saturation extract (1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, dS m-1). The results obtained show that control through porous cup extractors is effective in monitoring soil salinization problems. It was also observed that control of soil solution at desired levels of electrical conductivity, provided a beneficial effect in the beet cultivation avoiding ionic imbalance and salinization. The protected cultivation resulted in less water consumption and crop coefficient than those reported in the literature for conventional farming. The fertigation managements used offered significant effects on variables related to the growth and yield of beet, possibly due to increased fertilizer which increased soil salinity and caused nutrient imbalances in plants. The relative yield of the trees showed a drop from the salinity threshold... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Cultivation in the laboratory is essential for understanding the phenotypic characteristics and environmental preferences of bacteria. However, basic phenotypic information is not readily accessible. Here, we compiled phenotypic and environmental tolerance information for > 5,000 bacterial strains described in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) with all information made publicly available in an updatable database. Although the data span 23 different bacterial phyla, most entries described aerobic, mesophilic, neutrophilic strains from Proteobacteria (mainly Alpha-and Gammaproteobacteria), Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes isolated from soils, marine habitats, and plants. Most of the routinely measured traits tended to show a significant phylogenetic signal, although this signal was weak for environmental preferences. We demonstrated how this database could be used to link genomic attributes to differences in pH and salinity optima. We found that adaptations to high salinity or high-pH conditions are related to cell surface transporter genes, along with previously uncharacterized genes that might play a role in regulating environmental tolerances. Together, this work highlights the utility of this database for associating bacterial taxonomy, phylogeny, or specific genes to measured phenotypic traits and emphasizes the need for more comprehensive and consistent measurements of traits across a broader diversity of bacteria. IMPORTANCE Cultivation in the laboratory is key for understanding the phenotypic characteristics, growth requirements, metabolism, and environmental preferences of bacteria. However, oftentimes, phenotypic information is not easily accessible. Here, we compiled phenotypic and environmental tolerance information for > 5,000 bacterial strains described in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM). We demonstrate how this database can be used to link bacterial taxonomy, phylogeny, or specific genes to measured phenotypic traits and environmental preferences. The phenotypic database can be freely accessed (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.472392), and we have included instructions for researchers interested in adding new entries or curating existing ones.

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archives@tulane.edu / This dissertation combines laboratory experiments with analysis of field samples and geochemical modeling to examine rare earth elements (REEs) geochemistry. The Mississippi River estuary, Louisiana and the Pettaquamscutt River estuary, Rhode Island provided ideal study sites to investigate the effects of salinity and redox gradients, respectively, on the cycling of the REEs in natural environments. Similar to the REE behavior in major estuaries such as the Amazon estuary, the REEs in the Mississippi River undergo salt-induced coagulation removal during mixing with the saline Gulf of Mexico seawater. However, unlike the Amazon estuary in which dissolved REE removal of up to 90% has been reported, only ca. 50% removal is observed in the Mississippi River estuary. The closed-system batch reaction experiment which followed showed that interactions with the Mississippi River particulate material substantially alter the dissolved REE concentrations of the Gulf of Mexico seawater. Combined effects of dissolution of the labile phases on the riverine particles and secondary mineral precipitation of likely REE phosphate phases result in a 24 ± 12 folds (mean ± 1σ) net increase in the REE concentrations of the seawater. Less than 1% of the REE contents in the operationally defined “exchangeable” phase of the sediments was mobilized at the maximum REE concentrations in the reacted seawater. The behavior of the REEs in the Pettaquamscutt River estuary is coupled with the cycling of Fe and Mn oxides/oxyhydroxides in the oxic surface waters and across the chemocline. Reaction path modeling suggests that the REE content of the oxic surface waters depicts a combined effect of mixing of 3 water masses and surface complexation with hydrous manganese oxides to achieve the cerium depleted pattern that characterizes the entire water column. / 1 / Segun Adebayo

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress for land plants, and multiple mechanisms of salt tolerance have evolved. Tissue tolerance is one of these mechanisms, which involves the sequestration of sodium into the vacuole to retain low cytosolic sodium concentrations. This enables the plant to maintain cellular functions, and ultimately maintain growth and yield. However, the molecular components involved in tissue tolerance remain elusive. Several candidate genes for vacuolar sodium sequestration have recently been identified by proteome analysis of vacuolar membranes purified from the salt-tolerant cereal Hordeum vulgare (barley). In this study, I aimed to characterize these candidates in more detail. I successfully cloned coding sequences for the majority of candidate genes with primers designed based on the barley reference genome sequence. During the course of this study a newer genome sequence with improved annotations was published, to which I also compared my observations. To study the candidate genes, I used the heterologous expression system Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). I used several salt sensitive yeast strains (deficient in intrinsic sodium transporters) to test whether the candidate genes would affect their salt tolerance by mediating the sequestration of sodium into the yeast vacuole. I observed a reduction in growth upon expression for several of the gene candidate under salt-stress conditions. However, confocal microscopy suggests that most gene products are subject to degradation, and did not localize to the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast). Therefore, growth effects cannot be linked to protein function without further evidence. Various potential causes are discussed, including inaccuracies in the genome resource used as reference for primer design and issues inherent to the model system. Finally, I make suggestions on how to proceed to further characterize the candidate genes and hopefully identify novel sodium transporters from barley.

Salt-affected soil is a prominent challenge in agriculture. Nowadays, more than 800 million hectares of land (about 6% of the world’s total land area) are induced with high salt concentrations, and thus, are unsuitable for growing typically salt-sensitive crop plants. The ongoing salinization of arable land exacerbates this limitation. To address this issue, the development of salinity-tolerant crop plants has gained considerable interest, with a protein identified by Prof. Mark Tester's group, named "SALTY2," offering promising potential. SALTY2 is overexpressed in response to NaCl treatment on Salicornia plants conferring salinity tolerance, and following the function of the SALTY2 protein from Salicornia and analogous proteins in Arabidopsis, yeast and in vitro, a universal mechanism in evolution is suggested. During my thesis, we analyzed the biophysical properties of SALTY2, and based on spectroscopic methods we confirmed it is an intrinsic disordered protein (IDP), which is consistent with previous studies claiming that IDPs play a vital role in stress response pathways. We have identified and characterized the loss-of-function "RG/RGG" to "KG/KGG" type mutation and a deltaSTM1 N-terminal mutation, and investigated the interaction of SALTY2 and other cellular components, including short fragment RNA, and 80S ribosome. Together with state-of-the-art high-resolution NMR and Cryo-EM methods we validated the direct interaction of SALTY2 with plant ribosomes, and 25nts random RNA, and determined the 3D structure of ribosome with the potential binding site of the SALTY2 protein. Combining biophysical, structural and functional analyses of the wild-type and loss-of-function mutants of SALTY2, we proposed a potential mechanism by which the IDP protein SALTY2 confers salinity tolerance in plants. These findings offer a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of salinity tolerance in plants via IDPs and contribute to the ongoing efforts to develop salinity-tolerant crop plants.

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

No description available.

14 pp. / This publication summarizes the results of a three year research study that evaluated whether the turf water duties mandated by the Arizona Department of Water Resources provide adequate water to grow acceptable quality turf in the Tucson and Phoenix areas.

No description available.