The origins of marine salvage law may be traced to a code of Rhodian Sea laws promulgated in 500BC. Presently, while salvage law retains the foundations of this early codification, it has undergone a complete metamorphosis in order to adapt to changing circumstances and new challenges of the 20th and 21st century. Over the past few decades there have been many major oil spills. When they occurred each spill, for different reasons was declared as the most environmentally damaging. In their wake, they leave a trail of death and destruction of the eco-system. As public concern for and awareness of the marine environment increases, governments and salvors face increased pressure to avert wide-scale pollution. In these instances, the stakes are high and the necessity and effectiveness of professional salvage only too clear. This study investigates the role played by the professional salvor and considers how the developments in the law have impacted upon the salvor's role in salvage operations. This work has its genesis with this background in mind. It is essentially a study of the changes and developments in the law of Marine Salvage. The law relating to salvage is dynamic and international in nature. Dynamic in that it needs to adapt to new economic and environmental factors. This study examines and explains how these economic and environmental factors impacted upon and necessitated changes to the law of salvage. It is international, in that salvage operations invariably involve parties from different countries. In some instances of large-scale pollution disasters the physical environment affected may encompass different countries/waters. At times the discussion into the practical aspects of the salvage operations, salvage tugs and the industry as a whole has a tendency to become rather technical. For this I make no apology, for the world of marine salvage has totally fascinated and captured my attention. In the international context the law relating to Salvage may be found in the International Convention on Salvage 1989. Many countries have ratified the convention and have subsequently enacted their own statutes based on the provisions of the Salvage convention. Other countries like South Africa have chosen not to ratify the convention and have formulated their own Statutes relating to the salvage. The salvage laws of the United Kingdom are perhaps mostly widely used. Its popularity may be attributed to London being the salvage arbitration capital of the world as well as the influential use of LOF in salvage operations which stipulates English law as the lex contractus. The United Kingdom has ratified the International Salvage Convention and enacted the Merchant Shipping (Salvage and Pollution) Act 1994 which gave effect to the provisions of the convention. The current statute regulating Salvage is the Merchant Shipping Act of 1995. The principal focus of this work will be English law, as applied in the United Kingdom as well as South African law. Passing reference is also made to the provisions of American law where relevant. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

The study investigated solid waste management in the Mafikeng Municipality including the attitudes of the residents towards the waste management services rendered by the municipality. The study found the followings: the main sources of waste were from households due to minimal industrial activity in the area; that the residents had negative attitudes and perceptions about the waste management services provided by the Municipality. The majority of residents were not involved in the identification of needs and management of solid waste. They wanted to take an active role in the planning, design and implementation of the service especially where the formulation of policies are concerned; adequate policy mechanisms need to be adopted to enforce proper behaviour in waste disposal. The study recommends that: • the community be involved in planning, design and implementation of the service especially where the formulation of policies are concerned. • adequate policy mechanisms need to be adopted to enforce proper behaviour in waste disposal. / Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2003

An environmental challenge that is currently plaguing the South African townships in the Metropolitan Area is the volume of solid waste being illegally disposed in open spaces along road verges as well as in streams. The research aims to identify the root cause of illegal dumping in the township of Clermont, Kwa-Zulu Natal. The researcher used quantitative, qualitative and observation methodologies to collect data from member’s of the community of Clermont. The severity of the problem will be measured by looking at different age groups; level of income per household as well as gender. In general waste management and environmental management has received little attention compared to other socio-economic problems like un-employment. As the bulk of the world’s population move from rural areas to urban areas, poverty is becoming an increasingly urban phenomenon. Environmental problems range from impairment of human health, economic and other welfare and extinction of the ecosystem. The urban poor bear the greatest burden of urban environmental risks. The most significant environmental challenge in South Africa is effectively management of waste. Currently the focus in South Africa has been on waste disposal rather than on waste prevention. Consequently there are no incentives for reducing waste and industries are not required to submit plans for waste management when commencing a new business. Waste management legislation is fragmented; as a result there is a lack of control in waste management. This research will investigate whether community members are aware of what is expected from them by the municipality and private waste collection companies. It will further analyse at the norm of waste disposal within the developing countries compared to developed countries. The study will attempt to provide practical solutions for the township of Clermont. The study has five chapters. The first chapter introduce the problem, objectives and hypothesis. The second chapter deals with the theoretical review to help the reader understand different cases and how waste management handled in different parts of the world. This has been done by looking at the international, national and local level, comparing waste management trends. The third chapter describe the study area in detail and different scientific methodologies researcher used to prove or disprove the hypothesis and objectives that were set in the first chapter. Chapter four analyses all the data that was collected from the community of Clermont and unpack other underlying factors that lead to poor waste management in this township. For example the researcher will conclude using the data collected if the frequency of waste collection is sufficient for the community and what can be done to minimize illegal dumping. Chapter five, which is the last chapter of this dissertation will suggest recommendations that can be used to correct all problems that associated with illegal dumping in Clermont Township. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2010.

No description available.

Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-178). / Microfiche. / xiv, 178 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of a multifaceted gait analysis approach using a group of twenty osteosarcoma patients who underwent limb salvage surgery. Mean age at time of surgery was 16.1 years (range: 7-29), mean age at time of evaluation was 23.55 years (range: 11-43). Nine patients were treated with a Stryker Howmedica Modular Resection System (Stryker Kalamazoo, USA) and eleven patients were treated with a Stanmore custom made prosthesis (Stanmore implants worldwide Ltd, Stanmore, UK). Ten control participants with a mean age of 24.9 (range: 14-36) were recruited for the study. Ethical approval was gained through The University of Queensland Ethics Committee and The Royal Children’s Hospital and Health Service district Ethics Committee. Investigations included subjective, kinematic, kinetic, electromyographic and bioenergetic assessments. The subjective assessment incorporated results from the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society Rating Scale (MSTS) and the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS). Overall impairment was found to be 83.33% according to results of the MSTS and overall disability was found to be 86.00% according to results of the TESS. Kinematic findings showed that limb salvage participants walked with reduced velocity (p < 0.01) and increased step asymmetry (p < 0.01). Patients exhibited an increase in plantarflexion during the loading response (p < 0.001) and during terminal stance (p < 0.05), and an increase in dorsiflexion during mid-stance (p < 0.001). Knee kinematics revealed reduced extension during the loading response (p < 0.001) and increased frontal plane excursion throughout the gait cycle (p < 0.01). Patients exhibited increased lateral lean during loading response at the trunk (p < 0.05). Kinetic findings revealed a reduction in the magnitude of vertical ground reaction force during the loading response (p < 0.001) and a reduction in the magnitude of the anterior/posterior ground reaction shear force during terminal stance (p = 0.01). Furthermore, the internal ankle plantarflexor moment in terminal stance was reduced (p < 0.001), all sagittal plane knee moments were reduced (p < 0.05) and the internal hip adductor moment in terminal stance was reduced (p < 0.01). Electromyographic findings found that the limb salvage participants activated their rectus femoris for a significantly prolonged period (p < 0.5) and exhibited increased bilateral co-contraction of their rectus femoris and medial hamstring muscles (p < 0.05) compared with control participants. Bioenergetic findings revealed that the limb salvage participants exhibited an increased energetic cost (p < 0.01) and consumption rate (p < 0.01). Moderate correlations were observed between electromyographic and bioenergetic findings. Multivariate methods suggested that muscle removal, knee extension strength and knee flexion range of motion were all significant predictors of locomotor function. Length of bone resection and time from surgery were not predictive of post-operative function. The findings supported the efficacy of a multifaceted gait analysis approach for the assessment of pathological function under research conditions. The combined approach, using multiple measurements, allowed determination of functional status following musculoskeletal alteration. This enabled identification of primary and secondary compensations and allowed recommendations for improved treatment and rehabilitation.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2009. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Oct. 23, 2009). Thesis advisor: Wayne Clatterbuck. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 60-67).

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 3, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-146). Also issued in print.

Thesis (MS)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2009. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Jay J. Rotella. Includes bibliographical references.