INTRODUCTION: Poor management of health-care waste can cause serious disease to health-care personnel, waste workers, patients and the general public. The greatest risk is posed by infectious waste. Through the observation of the researcher, the management of sharp waste in rural clinics in Swaziland seemed to be poor because waste was often seen scattered around the clinics. This motivated the researcher to scrutinize the reason behind the situation in clinics. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to evaluate the management of sharp waste in 35 rural clinics in Swaziland. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY a) To assess the degree to which resources are available to enable staff to adhere to procedures regarding the segregation, storage, transportation and treatment of sharp waste in rural clinics in Swaziland. b) To determine if relevant documents to address the management of sharp waste in rural clinics are available and accessible. c) To determine perceptions of clinic managers for failures to comply fully with sharp waste management standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study design was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Methods of data acquisition were by acquiring observation checklist and interviewing clinic managers on sharp waste management practices in their clinics. The researcher sampled 35 clinics. A convenience sample method was used. RESULTS: NATIONALLY Ninety four percent (94%) of the sampled clinics had sharp waste containers to segregate sharp waste properly. Sixty five percent (65%) had punctured proof containers. Eighty percent (80%) had sharp waste containers. Eighty six percentage (86%) sealed sharp waste at ¾ full. Twenty percentage (20%) did not have storage areas for sharp waste. Only one (3%) had a waste trolley. There was availability of protective clothing for all health personnel. Seventy seven percentage (77%) clinics did not have full protective clothing for waste handlers. Fifty one percent (51%) did not have risk waste pit/incinerator. Most of the clinics in the four regions did not have the Waste Regulation 2000, Health Care Waste Management plan document or the National Health Care Waste Guidelines. Twenty nine percent (29%) had done trainings on health care waste management. REGIONALLY Almost all the clinics had 100% compliance in the availability of sharp waste containers for segregating health care waste except the Lubombo region that had 78% compliance. There was no 100% compliance in all the regions on the availability of puncture proof containers. The Shiselweni region had a very poor compliance as compared to other regions. It was observed that not all clinics sealed their containers when ¾ full. The Shiselweni region had lower compliance by 78% and Hhohho region had the highest compliancy of 100%. There was poor availability of storage areas. All the regions were less than 50% compliance in the provision of the storage area. Shiselweni region was the only region that was above 50% compliancy. There was very poor availability of transportation waste trolleys. Only one clinic in Shiselweni region had transportation waste trolley. There was 100% compliance in the availability of protective clothing for health personnel. There was poor availability of protective clothing for waste handlers. Shiselweni region was the only region that was above 50% compliance, the rest had a very low compliance. There was poor availability of risk waste pit/incinerator in Hhohho and Manzini region. Their compliance was less than 50%. Shiselweni andLubombo region were above 50% compliance. Availability of legislation was very poor in regions. The Hhohho and Manzini were the worst regions in terms of compliancy. They had 0% compliancy. The Lubombo region had the highest compliancy of 33% and this was very low since it was below 50%. INTERVIEWS Eighty six percent (86%) clinic managers revealed that there was poor availability of resources in their clinics and that was why their clinics were not complying. Eighty six percent (86%) of clinic managers recommended that there should be availability of resources; few recommended that there should be availability of protective clothing for the waste handlers and regulations. Seventy one percent (71%) clinic managers needed technical support on incinerators/risk waste pit, Twenty percent (20%) need supported on trainings of health care waste. CONCLUSION: There was poor availability of resources and there were poor relevant documents to address the management of sharp waste containers in most clinics. All clinic managers during their interviews felt that they needed close supervision and technical support from their supervisors so that it could be easy for the supervisors to identify any problems associated in clinics. RECOMMENDATIONS: The study revealed that sharp waste management was not well managed in all the stages from segregation to disposal. It is the responsibility of Supervisors in clinics to make sure that there is availability of resources in clinics to enable staff to adhere to procedures regarding the segregation, storage, transportation and treatment of sharp waste in rural clinics in Swaziland. Relevant documents should be available to address the management of sharp waste containers. There should be close supervision in clinics from supervisors

by Chan King Ming. / Bibliography: leaves 149-172 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1914. / Biographical. "Additional references": p. 54-55.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1914. / Biographical. "Additional references": p. 54-55.

Thesis (Ph. D.)(Metallurgical Engineering)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

This thesis reports the results of an experimental investigation into the treatment of yeast wastes by biological digestion in an anaerobic submerged filter. The waste to be treated was very strong, with a COD of 59 000 mg/l and was almost entirely soluble, with a high organic content. Experiments showed that the waste could be treated by the anaerobic submerged filter, with a maximum loading applicable for extended periods of 10 kg COD/(m³day), based on the void volume of the filter. The reduction in COD effected by the filter at these loadings varied between 40 and 60% of the applied COD, of which only approximately 70% was biologically degradable. Loadings of up to 16 kg COD/(m³day) were applied with 40% COD reduction, but digestion at these loadings seemed unstable and could not be continued for long periods. Diluted yeast waste was used during the investigation in order to control loading rates and it was necessary to add sodium bicarbonate to the feed to give an alkalinity greater than 2 000 mg/l as calcium carbonate to buffer digestion at the optimum pH. This thesis also reports the establishment of an operating procedure for a laboratory scale anaerobic submerged filter, and proposes recommendations for further work. This work is aimed at improving the performance of the filter by modifying the operating procedure and increasing the understanding of the digestion process by studies of a fundamental nature.

Graduation date: 1948