Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior / Banca: Marco Antonio Biaggioni / Banca: Valeria Cristina Rodrigues Sarnighausen / Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa / Banca: Eder Fonzar Granato / Resumo: Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar o potencial de produção de biogás e biofertilizante do processo de co-digestão anaeróbia do substrato composto pela fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (FORSU) e dejetos de gado bovino leiteiro (DGBL) utilizando biodigestores batelada com capacidade de 2 L e biodigestores semicontínuos com capacidade de 60 L. Os resultados dos biodigestores semicontínuos foram aplicados em um estudo de caso tendo como base os dados de coleta de resíduos sólidos urbanos da cidade de Penápolis-SP co-digerido com estrume de 40 vacas e apresentou como resultado dados para dimensionamento de biodigestor com potenciais de produção de biogás e biofertilizante, e potencial de geração de energia elétrica. Para análise dos dados considerou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se o programa SAS® ao nível de significância de 5%. Foram analisadas a produção, o potencial de produção de biogás, a redução dos sólidos totais e voláteis e os teores dos nutrientes Nitrogênio, Fósforo e Potássio (NPK) do biofertilizante. O experimento em batelada constou de 11 tratamentos com proporções diferentes de FORSU (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% e 100%) com quatro repetições cada e apresentou potencial médio de produção de biogás de 0,38 m3/kg SV ad, com uma redução de sólido voláteis de 63,82% e biofertilizante com teores médios de NPK nos valores 3,14%, 0,87% e 1,26%, respectivamente, em um período de 192 dias para o tratamento T20. O expe... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the biogas and biofertilizer production potential of the anaerobic codigation process of the substrate composed of organic fraction of urban solid waste (FORSU) and bovine milk waste (DGBL) using batch biodigesters with a capacity of 2 L and semi-continuous biodigesters with a capacity of 60 L. The results of the semicontinuous biodigesters were applied in a case study based on the data of urban solid waste collection of the city of Penápolis-SP digested with manure of 40 cows and presented as result data for dimensioning of biodigestor with potential of biogas production and biofertilizer, and potential of electric energy generation. For data analysis, a completely randomized design was used, using the SAS® program at a significance level of 5%. Production, biogas production potential, total and volatile solids reduction and Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) nutrient content of the biofertilizer were analyzed. The batch experiment consisted of 11 treatments with different proportions of FORSU (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%) with four replicates each with an average biogas production potential of 0.38 m3 / kg SV ad, with a reduction of 63.82% volatile solids and biofertilizer with NPK mean values of 3.14%, 0.87% and 1.26%, respectively, over a 192 day period for the T20 treatment. The experiment in continuous biodigesters was composed of 2 treatments, one composed of 90% FORSU, 10% DGBL and water and another control treatment with only DGBL and water, with 5 replicates for each treatment. The study concludes that for batch feeding the FORSU limit for biogas generation is 30%. The semicontinuous biodigester with a FORSU and DGBL ratio of 90% -10% produces 1m3 of biogas with 36.23 kg of FORSU with a biogas production potential of 0.117 m3 /kg of SV ad. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 raposo_e_me_jabo.pdf: 572707 bytes, checksum: 5e791a0bfa7c8c04cec22d6c408ef944 (MD5) / O índice de área foliar residual (IAFr) é importante ferramenta no manejo das pastagens, mas pouco se sabe sobre sua influência nas características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, além da contribuição para os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio do solo. O experimento teve por objetivo quantificar o estoque de carbono e nitrogênio, a emissão de CO2 e a decomposição da serrapilheira de pastos de capim-xaraés submetidos a diferentes resíduos pós- pastejo nas condições edafoclimáticas de Jaboticabal, SP. A área total de capim-xaraés era de 2.795,9 m², formada em dezembro de 2004 e foi dividida em 12 piquetes para alocação do experimento. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro resíduos póspastejo, definidos por índice de área foliar residual (IAFr = 0,8; 1,3; 1;8 e 2,3). O IAFr foi estimado com auxílio do aparelho analisador de dossel – AccuPAR Linear PAR/LAI ceptometer da Decagon. A entrada dos animais nos piquetes de pastejo ocorreu quando o dossel atingiu 95% de interceptação de luz (IL) e a saída sempre que o IAFr pré determinado fosse atingido. As avaliações de estoque de carbono e nitrogênio no solo foram realizadas na profundidade de 0 a 30 cm, com três repetições em cada área. Os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio foram calculados com base na massa de solo equivalente. As medidas de emissão de CO2 foram realizadas semanalmente utilizando-se o aparelho de câmara de fluxo LI-COR (LI- 8100). As avaliações das atividades enzimáticas do solo foram feitas a cada 30 dias na profundidade de 0-20 cm durante os meses de janeiro a outubro de 2011, e nestas amostras, foram realizadas as determinações da: atividade das proteases, arilsulfatases, celulases e desidrogenases. A avaliação da decomposição da serrapilheira seguiu a técnica de sacos de “nylon”, sendo incubados por 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 e 256 dias... / Residual leaf area index (LAIr) is an important tool in pasture management, but little is known about its influence on physical, chemical and biological soil properties, in addition to the contribution to carbon and nitrogen stocks in the soil. The experiment aimed to quantify carbon and nitrogen stocks in the soil, CO2 emissions and litter decomposition in Xaraés grass pastures under different post-grazing residues in environmental conditions of Jaboticabal, SP. Total area of Xaraés grass was 2795,9 m², formed in December 2004 and was divided into 12 paddocks for experiment allocation. The treatments consisted of four post-grazing residues, defined by residual leaf area index (LAIr = 0,8, 1,3, 1,8 and 2,3). LAIr was estimated with aid of canopy analyzer equipment - AccuPAR Linear PAR / LAI ceptometer the Decagon. The animals starting grazing in the paddocks when the canopy reached 95% light interception (LI) and the end of grazing occurred when the LAIr predetermined was reached. Evaluations of carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil were realized at depth 0 to 30 cm, with three replications in each area. Carbon and nitrogen stock were calculated based on the equivalent soil mass. Measurements of CO2 emissions were performed weekly using an equipment flow chamber LI-COR (LI-8100). Evaluations of soil enzymatic activities were made every 30 days at a depth of 0-20 cm during ten months (January to October 2011), and these samples were analyzed: proteases, arylsulfatases, cellulases and dehydrogenases activity. Evaluation of litter decomposition followed the litter bag technique and incubated for 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256 days. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) contents was determined and calculated the C: N ratio in the remaining material. Soil C and N contents, soil C: N ratio, and C and N stocks in the soil were different... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri / Coorientador: Alan Rodrigo Panosso / Banca: Liziane de Figueiredo Brito / Banca: Gabriel Maurício Peruca de Melo / Resumo: O índice de área foliar residual (IAFr) é importante ferramenta no manejo das pastagens, mas pouco se sabe sobre sua influência nas características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, além da contribuição para os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio do solo. O experimento teve por objetivo quantificar o estoque de carbono e nitrogênio, a emissão de CO2 e a decomposição da serrapilheira de pastos de capim-xaraés submetidos a diferentes resíduos pós- pastejo nas condições edafoclimáticas de Jaboticabal, SP. A área total de capim-xaraés era de 2.795,9 m², formada em dezembro de 2004 e foi dividida em 12 piquetes para alocação do experimento. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro resíduos póspastejo, definidos por índice de área foliar residual (IAFr = 0,8; 1,3; 1;8 e 2,3). O IAFr foi estimado com auxílio do aparelho analisador de dossel - AccuPAR Linear PAR/LAI ceptometer da Decagon. A entrada dos animais nos piquetes de pastejo ocorreu quando o dossel atingiu 95% de interceptação de luz (IL) e a saída sempre que o IAFr pré determinado fosse atingido. As avaliações de estoque de carbono e nitrogênio no solo foram realizadas na profundidade de 0 a 30 cm, com três repetições em cada área. Os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio foram calculados com base na massa de solo equivalente. As medidas de emissão de CO2 foram realizadas semanalmente utilizando-se o aparelho de câmara de fluxo LI-COR (LI- 8100). As avaliações das atividades enzimáticas do solo foram feitas a cada 30 dias na profundidade de 0-20 cm durante os meses de janeiro a outubro de 2011, e nestas amostras, foram realizadas as determinações da: atividade das proteases, arilsulfatases, celulases e desidrogenases. A avaliação da decomposição da serrapilheira seguiu a técnica de sacos de "nylon", sendo incubados por 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 e 256 dias... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Residual leaf area index (LAIr) is an important tool in pasture management, but little is known about its influence on physical, chemical and biological soil properties, in addition to the contribution to carbon and nitrogen stocks in the soil. The experiment aimed to quantify carbon and nitrogen stocks in the soil, CO2 emissions and litter decomposition in Xaraés grass pastures under different post-grazing residues in environmental conditions of Jaboticabal, SP. Total area of Xaraés grass was 2795,9 m², formed in December 2004 and was divided into 12 paddocks for experiment allocation. The treatments consisted of four post-grazing residues, defined by residual leaf area index (LAIr = 0,8, 1,3, 1,8 and 2,3). LAIr was estimated with aid of canopy analyzer equipment - AccuPAR Linear PAR / LAI ceptometer the Decagon. The animals starting grazing in the paddocks when the canopy reached 95% light interception (LI) and the end of grazing occurred when the LAIr predetermined was reached. Evaluations of carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil were realized at depth 0 to 30 cm, with three replications in each area. Carbon and nitrogen stock were calculated based on the equivalent soil mass. Measurements of CO2 emissions were performed weekly using an equipment flow chamber LI-COR (LI-8100). Evaluations of soil enzymatic activities were made every 30 days at a depth of 0-20 cm during ten months (January to October 2011), and these samples were analyzed: proteases, arylsulfatases, cellulases and dehydrogenases activity. Evaluation of litter decomposition followed the litter bag technique and incubated for 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256 days. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) contents was determined and calculated the C: N ratio in the remaining material. Soil C and N contents, soil C: N ratio, and C and N stocks in the soil were different... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Worldwide chromium waste from tanneries is a major environmental concern. A considerable amount of effort is being implemented by tanneries to resolve the environmental concerns. Because of the wide range of chemicals used in tanning, waste treatment is an important issue in the industry. All the tanneries put considerable money and effort into treating their effluent. South African tanneries currently have various methods of disposing of their chrome waste. Most have systems for recycling the waste and disposing of it in municipal waste dumps or it is dumped on the company's own land. Hence the cost of disposal varies widely. Some companies are forced to pay excessive amounts to dispose of their waste at hazardous waste dumps. Others appear to get away by using municipal dumps. Trivalent Chrome (Pty) Ltd offers a solution to the environmental concern by extracting the most dangerous compound in the waste and converting it to a by-product (green chrome oxide). However, the company must be able to then sell of the green chromium oxide. The study seeks to address how the company can market the by-product.

M.Tech. / In this work, eco-fuel briquettes made from a mixture of 32% spent coffee grounds, 23% coal fines, 11% saw dust, 18% mielie husks, 10% waste paper and 6% paper pulp contaminated water, respectively were investigated. Various processing stages such as briquetting, drying, combustion and flue gas emissions were investigated in order to evaluate the socio-economic viability of the batch production of eco-fuel briquettes from biomass waste material. Each stage was studied independently in order to develop basic models that contained material and energy balances. A screw press briquetting machine was designed and fabricated as part of this work to be tested against the legacy foundation Porta press, and the Bikernmayer hand brick press. The compaction of the biomass waste material into briquettes follows the principle of physical interlocking of the fine particles within the plant fibres, natural material binding due to released cellulose content, as well as reduction in porosity, due to a simultaneous dewatering and compaction action. The processing variables such as cycle times and pressure were studied. The Bikernmayer press is preferred as it produced briquettes of higher bulk densities and lower moisture content as compared to the other presses. The drying was investigated in a laboratory scale convective dryer to establish typical convection parameters. A drying system that utilizes produced briquettes as a heating medium is proposed, and here drying will be effected over a refractory brick fireplace by means of convection and radiation. A basic model was set up to include radiation with the convection to predict a drying time of 4.8 hours. The combustion of briquettes was investigated using a POCA ceramic stove linked to the testo Portable Emission Analyzer System. This enabled an air-to-fuel ratio of 1.44 and a burning rate of 2g per minute to be established. The energy transfer efficiency for boiling a pot of water was found to be 85%. The gas emissions were found to be within the acceptable limits, as set out by OSHA. A standard initial economic evaluation was performed based on a briquette selling price of R2.26 per kilogram for the ease of accommodating the local market. The financial model for both Porta press and screw press were not economically viable, as their running costs were greater than the gross project revenues. For the Bikernmayer conceptual model, with a total capital investment of R669, 981+ VAT (this includes one year operating cost) and a project life of five years, the gross Process parameters and conditions batch production of eco-fuel briquettes profit margin is 44%, the profitability index is 5.33 and the internal Rate of return 31.44%. The net present value and return period are R676, 896 and 0.408 years respectively. The customer profile as currently at hand is 17% of the selected area within 80 m radius from production site. The remaining 83% will be in need of energy as they become aware of the new product offering. The selling of the briquettes should be accompanied by an education process, to avoid the dangers of heating indoors. The principal driver for this project is socio economic development and it is being strengthened by Eskom’s inability to provide sufficient energy. A secondary driver is the global drive to reduce emissions and fossil fuel usage; this technology does exactly this whilst diverting waste from landfill. In the Polokwane declaration (2008), it is stated that South Africa will have no calorific waste to landfill by 2014. Hence legislation will also provide a major part of the drive.

No description available.

In-plant biomonitors, controlled by dedicated microcomputers, may ultimately provide detection of developing toxicity and hazardous spills in industrial effluents rapidly enough to prevent serious damage to receiving waters. A computer automated system was developed to continuously monitor spontaneous locomotor activity of eight crayfish. Electric potentials generated by muscular movements of untethered crayfish were detected by external electrodes, amplified, digitized, and analyzed by a hybrid computer network. A microcomputer evaluated the number of peaks produced in the waveforms of eight individual <u>C. acuminatus</u> for successive one-hour intervals. The resultant counts were directly related to locomotor activity. The effectiveness of the crayfish biomonitor in detecting simulated spills of cadmium in the laboratory was determined by 7 experiments with 56 crayfish. Results indicated that crayfish responded to 2.5 and 0.5 mg Cd⁺⁺/l with increased activity, which was detected by the crayfish biomonitor two hours after exposure. A simulated spill of 0.1 mgCd⁺⁺/l was detected by the biomonitor within 113 hours. These results support the assumption that the crayfish activity monitor may be used as a potential tool for water quality management. / Ph. D.

Wong Yiu Kwong Kenji. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-204). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Contents --- p.vi / List of Figure --- p.xii / List of Table --- p.xvi / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Vegetable oil production and their refining --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Vegetable oil production and consumption --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Vegetable oil refining steps --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2. --- Chemical refining vs. Physical refining --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Differences between chemical and physical refining --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Pros and Cons of the two refining practices --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Adoption criteria and popularity of refining methods --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3. --- Deodorizer distillate (DODc vs. DODp) --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Compositions of DODc and DODp --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1.1. --- Squalene --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1.2. --- Tocopherols --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1.3. --- Phytosterols --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Usages of DODc and DODp and purification of phytochemicals --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2.1. --- Concentration of tocopherols and phytosterols --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.2. --- Purification of tocopherols and phytosterols --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Alternative usage of DODp --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4. --- Usages of fatty acid mono-alkyl esters --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- As intermediate for Bio-surfactants --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.2. --- Bio-lubricants --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.3. --- Biodiesel --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5. --- Production of biodiesel and its advantages and disadvantages --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.1. --- Production of biodiesel --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.1.1. --- Use of catalyst --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.1.2. --- "Molar ratios between methanol, sample and catalyst" --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.1.3. --- Temperature and pressure --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.1.4. --- Biodiesel purification --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.2. --- Pros and Cons of using biodiesel --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.3. --- Sources of Biodiesel production --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6. --- Proposed strategy --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.1. --- Summary of the literatures reviewed --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.2. --- Hypothesis making --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.3. --- Aim and objectives --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.4. --- Significance of study --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.5. --- Study scheme --- p.35 / Chapter 2. --- Methodology --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1. --- Characterization of physically refined Deodorizer Distillate (DODp) --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Collection & storage of DODp --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Determination of fatty acids composition --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Determination of acid number (ASTM D 664) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4. --- Determination of free fatty acid contents --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.5. --- Determination of unsaponifiable matter content --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.6. --- "Determination of squalene, tocopherol and phytosterol contents." --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.7. --- Deduction of natural glyceride contents --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.8. --- "Other physical, chemical and biological analyses" --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.8.1. --- Elemental analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.8.2. --- Nitrogen --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.8.3. --- Water and volatile matter content --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.8.4. --- Melting point and specific gravity --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.8.5. --- Microbial counts --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) - Protocol A --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Optimization of Esterification --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1.1. --- Molar ratio of methanol: DODp --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1.2. --- Molar ratio of DODp: sulfuric acid --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1.3. --- Reaction temperature --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Optimization of Molecular Distillation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.1. --- Feed rate --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.2. --- Distillation temperature --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.3. --- Speed of rotary blade --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Crystallization --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) - Protocol B --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Optimization of Saponification --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.1.1. --- Saponification number --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.1.2. --- Saponification --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Extraction of unsaponifiable matter --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Acidification --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Esterification --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.5. --- Hot water washing --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.6. --- Crystallization --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4. --- Quantity and quality assessments of FAMEs --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Determination of purity and yield of FAMEs --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Quality of FAMEs: Biodiesel Specifications in USA --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2.1. --- Sulfated Ash (ASTM D 874) --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2.2. --- Copper strip corrosion test (ASTM D 130) --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.2.3. --- Water and Sediment (ASTM D 2709) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.2.4. --- Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products (ASTM D 189) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.2.5. --- Determination of Free and Total Glycerine in B-100 Biodiesel Methyl Esters By Gas Chromatography (ASTM D 6584) --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.2.6. --- Flash point (modified from ASTM D 93) --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.2.7. --- Determination of Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ASTM D 4951) --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.2.8. --- Kinematic Viscosity --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.2.9. --- "Cetane index, Cloud Point and Distillation Temperature (ASTM D 613, ASTM D 2500 and ASTM D 90)" --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Toxicity assays of FAMEs --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.3.1. --- Acute toxicity to mice --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.3.2. --- Seed germination test --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.3.3. --- Acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrate --- p.56 / Chapter 2.5. --- Quantity and quality assessments of phytochemical products --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.1. --- Determination of purity and yield of phytochemicals in phytosterol and desterolized fractions --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.2. --- Antioxidants activity of desterolized fraction --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.2.1. --- ABTS scavenging activity --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.2.2. --- Free radical scavenging activity --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells of phytosterols --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.3.1. --- Cell culture --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.3.2. --- Determination of optimal cell density for antiproliferative assays --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.3.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on H1299 and Hep G2. --- p.60 / Chapter 2.5.3.4. --- Detection of action mechanism(s) of the anti-proliferative effects of β-sitosterol on H1299 and Hep G2 cancer cells --- p.61 / Chapter 3. --- Result --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1. --- Characterization of Physically Refined Deodorizer Distillate (DODp) --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Free fatty acids composition --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Acid number --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- "Free fatty acids, natural glyceride and unsaponifiable matter contents" --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- "Squalene, tocopherol and phytosterol contents" --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.5. --- Other physicochemical and biological analyses --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) - Protocol A --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Optimization of Esterification --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1.1. --- Methanol to DODp molar ratio --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1.2. --- DODp to sulfuric acid molar ratio --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.1.3. --- Reaction temperature --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.1.4. --- Calculation of esterification efficiency --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Optimization of Molecular Distillation --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.2.1. --- Feed rate --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- Distillation temperature --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.2.3. --- Rotating blade speed --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Crystallization --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.3.1. --- Phytosterol preparations --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.3.2. --- Desterolized fractions --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 一 Protocol B --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Optimization of Saponification --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.1.1. --- Saponification number --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.1.2. --- Saponification --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Extraction of unsaponifiable matter --- p.101 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- FAMEs product after esterification --- p.101 / Chapter 3.3.4. --- Crystallization --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.4.1. --- Phytosterol preparations --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.4.2. --- Desterolized fractions --- p.104 / Chapter 3.4. --- Quantity and Quality assessments of FAMEs --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- "FAMEs yield, purity and appearance" --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Specifications for Biodiesel in U.S.A --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Acute Toxicity assays of FAMEs --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.3.1. --- Acute toxicity to mice --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.3.2. --- Seed germination test --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.3.3. --- Acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrate --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5. --- Quantity and Quality assessments of phytochemicals --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Phytochemicals recoveries and compositions in phytosterol preparations and desterolized fractions --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.1.1. --- Phytosterols recoveries and compositions in phytosterol preparations --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.1.2. --- Squalene and tocopherols recoveries and compositions in desterolized fraction --- p.115 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Antioxidant activities of desterolized fractions --- p.118 / Chapter 3.5.2.1. --- ABTS scavenging activity --- p.118 / Chapter 3.5.2.2. --- Scavenging Activities of DPPH radicals --- p.120 / Chapter 3.5.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on cancer cells --- p.123 / Chapter 3.5.3.1. --- Determination of optimal cell density for antiproliferative assays --- p.123 / Chapter 3.5.3.2. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on H1299 --- p.126 / Chapter 3.5.3.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on Hep G2 --- p.132 / Chapter 3.5.3.4. --- Further investigation of anti-proliferative mechanism of β-sitosterol --- p.138 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.149 / Chapter 4.1. --- Characteristics of Physically Refined Deodorizer Distillate (DODp) --- p.149 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Fatty acid contents and compositions --- p.149 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- "Squalene, tocopherol and phytosterol contents" --- p.153 / Chapter 4.1.3. --- Other physical and chemical analyses --- p.155 / Chapter 4.2. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 一 Protocol A --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Optimization of Esterification --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Optimization of Molecular Distillation --- p.158 / Chapter 4.3. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 一 Protocol B --- p.159 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Optimization of Saponification --- p.159 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Extraction of unsaponifiable matter --- p.160 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Production of FAMEs --- p.161 / Chapter 4.4. --- Purification of phytosterols --- p.162 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Purity and recovery of phytosterols --- p.162 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Purity and recovery of squalene and tocopherols in desterolized fractions --- p.163 / Chapter 4.5. --- Quantification of the Loss of Valuable products during Processing --- p.165 / Chapter 4.6. --- Quality assessment of FAMEs and phytochemicals --- p.170 / Chapter 4.6.1. --- Specifications for Biodiesel in USA --- p.170 / Chapter 4.6.2. --- Acute toxicities of FAMEs --- p.171 / Chapter 4.6.3. --- Antioxidant activities of desterolized fractions --- p.172 / Chapter 4.6.4. --- Anti-proliferative effects of phytosterols on cancer cells --- p.173 / Chapter 4.7. --- Comparisons of the two protocols --- p.182 / Chapter 4.7.1. --- Products from protocol A and B --- p.182 / Chapter 4.7.2. --- Characteristics of protocol A and B --- p.183 / Chapter 4.7.3. --- Sustainable recycling technology --- p.184 / Chapter 4.7.4. --- Life cycle analysis --- p.185 / Chapter 4.8. --- Further investigation --- p.186 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.187 / Chapter 6. --- Reference --- p.189

An increasing demand for electricity in modem society has resulted in the burning of large quantities of coal and ultimately the production of large quantities of fly ash. The petrochemical industry, if based on coal in a country such as South Africa, also produce large quantities of fly ash. In a semi-arid country like South Africa, there is a need to recover water. Processes currently in use for the recovery of wastewater produce large quantities of brines. These brines are stored in waste dams, which are not only expensive to maintain, but also pose a potential threat to the environment. The process of geosynthesis led to the development of a new type of material, namely geopolymers. Geopolymers can best be viewed as a polymeric silicon-oxygen¬aluminium framework with alternating silicon and aluminium tetrahedra joined together in three directions by sharing all the oxygen atoms. Cations such as Na+, K+, Ca2+ and H3O+ must be present in the framework cavities to balance the negative charge generated by the Al3+ in IV-fold co-ordination. It was attempted in this study to manufacture a geopolymeric binder, supplying most of the ingredients through waste materials. In the first set of experiments, matrices containing different amounts of fly ash, kaolinite, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and brine or water were synthesised by mixing and heating at 50°C for 24 hours. Compressive strength measurements showed a maximum strength of 4.05 MPa after 28 days. Leaching tests indicated that sodium was the best stabilised showing a stabilisation of between 30 and 40% (70 to 60% of the sodium initially added leached out again). The anions were stabilised to a lesser extent. Infrared spectra obtained confirmed an aluminosilicate structure. The second set of experiments was done to obtain the optimum curing conditions. Matrices containing the same amounts of fly ash, kaolinite, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and brine or water were cured at different temperatures and for different time periods. The matrices containing water showed a maximum compressive strength of 7.25 MPa after 28 days when cured at 60°C for 48 hours, while their brine-containing counterparts showed a maximum compressive strength of 7.76 MPa after 28 days when cured at 70°C for 72 hours. Infrared spectra obtained confirmed an aluminosilicate structure while X-ray diffraction patterns obtained indicated a largely amorphous product. In the third set of experiments matrices containing different amounts of fly ash, metakaolinite, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and brine or water were synthesised by mixing and heating at the optimum conditions determined previously. Compressive strength measurements indicated a maximum strength of 1.45 MPa after 28 days. Leaching tests indicated a higher stabilisation of the cations than in the first set of experiments. Potassium was the best stabilised, showing a stabilisation of above 80%. The anions were again stabilised to a lesser extent. Infrared spectra obtained confirmed an aluminosilicate structure while X-ray diffraction patterns obtained indicated a largely amorphous material. / Dissertation (MSc (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemistry / unrestricted

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 G36 / Master of Science