Ng, Chun Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-150). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.vii / Table of Contents --- p.ix / Abbreviations --- p.xii / List of Figures --- p.xv / List of Tables --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "Introduction to Cardiovascular Disease, Hypertension and Atherosclerosis" --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Cardiovascular Disease --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Hypertension --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Background --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Causes of Hypertension --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Current Western Management and Medication --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Atherosclerosis --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Background --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- Current Western Treatment and Medication --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- Selection and Introduction of Current Chinese Medicine Formula --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Cardiac Syndrome in Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Traditional Chinese Medicine as an Complementary or Alternative Medicine --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Selection of TCM Formula from Pharmacopoeia --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Compound Formula --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Introduction to Constitutional Herbal Medicine --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Danshen (Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae) --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Gegen (Radix Puerariae lobatae) --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.4.3 --- Yanhusuo (Rhizoma Corydalis) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.4.4 --- Composition of the Final Formula Used in the Present Study --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Previous work on Danshen-Gegen Formula and its limitations --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of the Present Study --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Research Plan --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Experimental Design and General Methodology --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1 --- Source and Authentication of Raw Herbs --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Ethical Approval --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4. --- General Methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Blood Pressure Measurement --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Blood Profile Measurement --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Vascular Reactivity Studies --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Anti-hypertensive Studies of Danshen-Gegen Formula on Rat --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- In vivo Anti-Hypertensive Studies --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Tail-cuff Blood Pressure Measurement --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Detailed Underlying Mechanistic Studies --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Nitric Oxide-mediated Vasodilation --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Prostacyclin-mediated Vasodilation --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Hyperpolarization-mediated Vasodilation --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- Endothelium-dependent/-independent Vasodilation --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Long Term Underlying Mechanistic Studies --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- In vivo Anti-Hypertensive Studies --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Detailed Underlying Mechanistic Studies --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Long Term Underlying Mechanistic Studies --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- In vivo Anti-Hypertensive Studies --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Preventive Effect in Hypertension --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Therapeutic Effect in Hypertension --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Detailed Underlying Mechanistic Studies --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- DG extract-induced Vasodilation --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Endothelium-independent Vasodilation --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Nitric Oxide-mediated Vasodilation --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Prostacyclin-mediated Vasodilation --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.5 --- Hyperpolarization-mediated Vasodilation --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Long Term Underlying Mechanistic Studies --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Anti-atherosclerosis Studies of Danshen-Gegen Formula in Rabbits --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Intima-Media Thickening --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effect of High Cholesterol Diet in Rabbit --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methods --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Pilot Study for Establishment of Experimental Protocol --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of DG extract on Intima-media Thickening --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3 --- Result --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Study of the Anti-atherosclerosis Effect of DG extract - First Run --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Study of the Anti-atherosclerosis Effect of DG extract - Second Run --- p.108 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General Discussion and Conclusion --- p.122 / Chapter 5.1 --- Significance of the Study --- p.122 / Chapter 5.2 --- Limitations and Future work --- p.127 / Chapter 5.3 --- Clinical Implication of the Use of the DG Preparations for Patients with CVD --- p.132 / References --- p.134

Cheung, Ching Mei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-162). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 論文摘要 --- p.IV / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.VI / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VII / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.X / Chapter Chapter 1 --- p.1 / GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- DANSHEN --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- LIPID-SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS EXTRACTED FROM DANSHEN --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- TANSHINONE I --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- TANSHINONE IIA --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.3 --- CRYPTOTANSHINONE --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.4 --- DIHYDROTANSHINONE --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- WATER-SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS EXTRACTED FROM DANSHEN --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- DANSHENSU --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- SALVIANOLIC ACID B --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HERBAL ADMINISTRATION --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- ST. JOHŃةS WORT-DRUG INTERACTIONS --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- WARFARIN-HERB INTERACTIONS --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- DANSHEN-WARFARIN INTERACTIONS --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- DANSHEN-DRUG INTERACTIONS --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- CYTOCHROME P450 ENZYMES (CYP) --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- CYTOCHROME P4502E1 --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- AIMS OF STUDY --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- p.21 / EFFECTS OF DANSHEN AND SOME IF ITS ACTIVE COMPONENTS ON CHLORZOXAZONE METABOLISM IN RAT AND HUMAN LIVER MICROSOMES IN VITRO --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- PREPARATION OF AQUEOUS FRACTION OF DANSHEN --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- PREPARATION OF ETHANOLIC FRACTION OF DANSHEN --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- ANIMALS --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- PREPARATION OF RAT LIVER MICROSOMES --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- POOLED HUMAN LIVER MICROSOMES --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- PROTEIN ASSAY --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- MICROSOMAL INCUBATION --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.8.1 --- RAT LIVER MICROSOMES --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.8.2 --- HUMAN LIVER MICROSOMES --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- INHIBITION KINETICS STUDIES --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- RAT LIVER MICROSOMES --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- HUMAN LIVER MICROSOMES --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) ANALYSIS --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- DATA ANALYSIS --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- RESULTS --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- EFFECT OF DANSHEN AND TANSHINONES ON RAT CYP2E1 ACTIVITY IN VITRO / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- SUMMARY --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- EFFECT OF DANSHEN AND TANSHINONES ON HUMAN CYP2E1 ACTIVITYIN VITRO --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- SUMMARY --- p.84 / Chapter 2.4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.85 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- p.93 / EFFECTS OF DANSHEN ON CYTOCHROME P450 PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND METABOLISM OF MODEL CYP2E1 PROBE SUBSTRATE IN THE RAT IN VIVO --- p.93 / Chapter 3.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- ANIMALS --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- EFFECTS OF DANSHEN TREATMENTS ON PHARMACOKINETICS OF CHLORZOXAZONE IN RATS IN VIVO --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- "ACUTE, 3-DAY AND 14-DAY TREATMENTS WITH WHOLE DANSHEN EXTRACT" --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- PLASMA EXTRACTION --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) ANALYSIS --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- EFFECTS OF 3-DAY AND 14-DAY DANSHEN TREATMENTS ON CYP2E1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION --- p.101 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- PREPARATION OF RAT LIVER MICROSOMES FOR WESTERN BLOTTING --- p.101 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- PROTEIN ASSAY --- p.101 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- WESTERN BLOT --- p.102 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- DATA ANALYSIS --- p.103 / Chapter 3.3 --- RESULTS --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- EFFECTS OF WHOLE DANSHEN EXTRACT ON RAT CYP2E1 ACTIVITIES IN VIVO --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- EFFECTS OF ACUTE TREATMENTS OF WHOLE DANSHEN EXTRACT ON PHARMACOKINETICS OF CHLORZOXAZONE --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- EFFECTS OF 3-DAY TREATMENTS OF WHOLE DANSHEN EXTRACT ON PHARMACOKINETICS OF CHLORZOXAZONE --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- EFFECTS OF 14-DAY TREATMENTS OF WHOLE DANSHEN EXTRACT ON PHARMACOKINETICS OF CHLORZOXAZONE --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- EFFECTS OF WHOLE DANSHEN EXTRACT ON RAT CYP2E1 EXPRESSION .… --- p.137 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- SUMMARY --- p.140 / Chapter 3.4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.141 / CHAPTER 4 --- p.145 / GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.145 / REFERENCES --- p.151

Wong, Wai Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-108). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Atherosclerosis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Term Definition --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Risk Factors --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Current Western Medications --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Impact of ROS --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- "Superoxide Anion Radical, Hydrogen Peroxide, Hydroxyl Radical, Nitric Oxide" --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- ROS Production by NAD(P)H Oxidases --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- ROS Production by Mitochondria --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Lipid Peroxidation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Other Sources of ROS --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4 --- Antioxidants --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Catalase (CAT) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Glutathinoe Peroxidase (GPx) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Vitamin E --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Vitamin C --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- Ageing --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6 --- Antioxidants and CVD --- p.21 / Chapter 1.7 --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Danshen --- p.23 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Gegen --- p.25 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Danshen-Gegen Compound Formula (DG) --- p.26 / Chapter 1.8 --- Aim of Study --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- In vitro Foam Cells Formation --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Materials --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Herbal Preparation by Hot Water Extraction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Resident Peritoneal Macrophages Preparation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- "Colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) Assay" --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2.4 --- DG Effect on in vitro Foam Cells Formation --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- Summary --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- In vivo Antioxidant Level --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1 --- DG Effect on in vivo Antioxidant Levels on Young-adult Wistar Rats --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Herbal Preparation by Hot Water Extraction --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Assay Kits --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- Antibodies for Protein Expression Determination in Organs --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.1.4 --- Animals and Experimental Design --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.1.5 --- Plasma Antioxidants --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1.6 --- Lipid Peroxidation and Protein Expression in Organs --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.1.7 --- Statistics --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- DG Effect on in vivo Antioxidant Levels on Middle-aged Wistar Rats --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3 --- Summary --- p.87 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conclusion and Future Work --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1 --- Conclusion --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- Future work --- p.90 / Reference --- p.92 / Related Publication --- p.109

Tam Wing Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-100). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / English abstrac --- p.I / 中文摘要 --- p.VI / Glossary --- p.X / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Background: / Chapter 1.1. --- Coronary heart disease in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3. --- Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.4. --- Risk factors for atherosclerosis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5. --- Homocysteine --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6. --- Folate --- p.10 / Chapter 1.7. --- Vitamin B12 --- p.13 / Chapter 1.8. --- Adhesion Molecules --- p.14 / Chapter 1.9. --- Phytoestrogen --- p.17 / Chapter 1.10. --- Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- "Heart disease, Danshen and Gegen in Chinese medicine" / Chapter 2.1. --- The record of Cardiac symptoms in Chinese Medicine --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2. --- Danshen (Salvia Miltriorrhiza) --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3. --- Gegen (Radix Pueraria) --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Surrogate atherosclerotic markers / Chapter 3.1. --- Flow-mediated dilatation of brachial artery (FMD) --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2. --- Carotid intima media thickness (IMT) --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Method / Chapter 4.1. --- Rational of the study --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2. --- Clinical protocol --- p.35 / Chapter 4.3. --- Measurement of plasma homocysteine --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4. --- Measurement of folate and vitamin B12 --- p.40 / Chapter 4.5. --- Measurement of soluble cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) --- p.41 / Chapter 4.6. --- Measurement of plasma enterolactone --- p.43 / Chapter 4.7. --- Measurement of plasma hs-C-reactive protein --- p.44 / Chapter 4.8. --- Other laboratory tests --- p.45 / Chapter 4.9. --- High resolution ultrasound imaging --- p.46 / Chapter 4.10. --- Statistical analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 4.11. --- My contribution to this joint project --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Results / Chapter 5.1. --- Recruitment and outcomes of subjects --- p.51 / Chapter 5.2. --- Baseline characteristics --- p.53 / Chapter 5.3. --- Medical history and treatment received in the study subjects --- p.54 / Chapter 5.4. --- Safety profiles --- p.55 / Chapter 5.5. --- Severe adverse events --- p.56 / Chapter 5.6. --- Lipid profiles --- p.57 / Chapter 5.7. --- Secondary endpoints --- p.58 / Chapter 5.8. --- Primary endopoints --- p.59 / Chapter 5.9. --- The effect of statin usage on the primary endpoints / Chapter 5.10. --- The major determinant of the change in FMD by multivariate logistic regression / Chapter 5.11. --- Progress of lipid profiles and primary endpoints in the open label phase / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Discussion / Chapter 6.1. --- Brachial FMD --- p.66 / Chapter 6.2. --- Carotid IMT --- p.69 / Chapter 6.3. --- Brachial GTN --- p.70 / Chapter 6.4. --- Lipid-lowering effect --- p.72 / Chapter 6.5. --- Phytoestrogen --- p.72 / Chapter 6.6. --- Folate --- p.73 / Chapter 6.7. --- Vitamin B12 and glucose --- p.76 / Chapter 6.8. --- Summary of possible anti-atherogenic mechanism of D&G --- p.76 / Chapter 6.9. --- Placebo effect --- p.77 / Chapter 6.10. --- Safety profile --- p.77 / Chapter 6.11. --- Limitation of the study and suggestion of solution --- p.77 / Chapter 6.12. --- Suggestions and ummary of the future work --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Conclusions --- p.81 / References --- p.82