Drug Sambuci nigrae flos - Sambuci nigrae flos is obtained from the wild plants. The drug is primarily used to help reduce the symptoms of colds and flu. Elder flower provides antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and diuretic effects. The main substances are flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid. Elderflowers from bred cultivars are not used to obtain drug so far. The aim of this work was to determine antioxidant acitivitiy of extracts of eldeflower cultivars. Cultivars ′Albida′, ′Allesö′, ′Aurea′, ′Bohatka′, ′Dana′, ′Haschberg′, ′Heidegg 13′, ′Juicy′, ′Korsør′, ′Mammut′, ′Pregarten′, ′Riese aus Voßloch′, ′Sambo′, ′Sambu′, ′Samdal′, ′Sampo′, ′Samyl′, ′Tulbing′ and ′Weinhenstephan′ were analyzed. Antioxidant activity was measured spectrophotometrically using DPPH ((2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical method. Results of antioxidant activity were expressed as IC50 (concentration required for 50% reduction of the DPPH radical). The measured values are in the range 0.0419 - 0.0772 mg/ml. Cultivars 'Heidegg 13', 'Albida', 'Tulbing' showed the highest antioxidant activity, whereas the lowest activity was found in 'Pregarten','Korsør' and 'Allesö' clutivars.

Orientador: Alba Regina Monteiro Souza Brito / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T00:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Socca_EduardoAugustoRabelo_M.pdf: 1268769 bytes, checksum: eee2c6686e3a3fb123101e6954836a0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Retocolite ulcerativa idiopática e doença de Crohn são doenças inflamatórias intestinais caracterizadas por inflamação crônica da mucosa, resultando em diarréia, fezes sanguinolentas, dores abdominais, anemia, febre, fadiga e perda de peso, tanto em homens quanto em mulheres. Acredita-se que essas manifestações sejam resultado de uma interação multifatorial envolvendo indivíduos geneticamente susceptíveis, condições ambientais específicas, desbalanço na microflora intestinal e desajuste da resposta imune. Drogas derivadas do acido 5-aminossalicilico (sulfassalazina, mesalamina), corticosteroides e agentes imunomoduladores são utilizadas, em conjunto no tratamento dessas patologias. No entanto tais drogas apresentam efeitos adversos importantes, o que acaba por motivar pesquisas envolvendo produtos naturais como alternativas de tratamento. Neste contexto, este trabalho avaliou os efeitos de antocianinas presentes nos frutos de Sambucus nigra L. (sabugueiro), espécie arbustiva pertencente a família Adoxaceae, em modelo de colite ulcerativa induzida pelo acido 2,4,6-trinitrobenzeno sulfônico (TNBS). Os frutos do sabugueiro apresentam grandes concentrações de metabolitos secundários como antocianinas, alem de outros compostos fenólicos, que acabam por conferir aos frutos propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatorias, imunomoduladoras e laxativas. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatorias da fração de antocianinas monoméricas presentes nos frutos de S. nigra. Os resultados comprovaram o efeito antioxidante in vitro das antocianinas, sendo elas eficazes em reduzir tanto o radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), teste que avalia a redução do radical via transferência de elétrons, quanto a taxa de oxidação do radical 2,2 azobis amidinopropano (AAPH), teste que verifica a oxidação do radical via transferência de átomos de hidrogênio. Nos ensaios in vivo concluiu-se que a dose de 5mg.Kg-1 de antocianinas apresentou a melhor resposta em reduzir a lesão causada pelo TNBS, sendo efetiva em manter os níveis de GSH (5,709 ± 0,931) comparado ao grupo TNBS (0,8525 ± 0,298) e ao grupo salina (6,610 ± 3,926). Essas antocianinas foram efetivas ainda em aumentar a atividade da SOD (8,487 ± 2,505), quando comparada com o grupo TNBS (3,884 ± 0,925) e ao grupo salina (12,240 ± 4,199), e reduzir a atividade da MPO (4,519 ± 2,016), quando comparada ao grupo TNBS (7,572 ± 2,572) e ao grupo salina (1,314 ± 0,319). Os resultados obtidos na avaliação da atividade das enzimas GPx (17,03 ± 3,951 no grupo tratado e 22,13 ± 11,510 no grupo TNBS) e GR (0,6524 ± 0,1180 no grupo tratado e 0,7249 ± 0,3968 no grupo TNBS), comparados ao grupo salina (84,22 ± 41,88) e (2,131 ± 0,9858) respectivamente, indicam que houve queda na ativação destas enzimas apos 24h de indução da colite, sendo que esta situação não foi revertida apos administração das antocianinas. Do mesmo modo não foram encontradas alterações nos níveis de LPO (5,756 ± 1,884 no grupo tratado e 5,113 ± 0,8254 no grupo TNBS) comparados ao grupo salina (4,688 ± 1,126) . Já os ensaios anti-inflamatórios revelaram atividade antiinflamatória promissora, visto que as antocianinas foram capazes de manter os níveis de IL-10 (466,7 ± 56,32) próximos aqueles obtidos no grupo não-colitico (492,4 ± 154,5), quando comparados ao grupo TNBS (264,8 ± 66,35), e de reduzir a produção de IL-12 (202,3 ± 53,33) quando comparados com os animais não tratados (319,3 ± 111,5) e ao grupo salina (149,8 ± 51,76). Neste estudo concluiu-se que as antocianinas presentes nos frutos de sabugueiro apresentam atividade antioxidante, alem de aumentar os níveis de IL-10, citocina essa que, provavelmente, participa na redução dos níveis de citocinas pro - inflamatórias como IL-12 e, consequentemente, a expressão de mediadores inflamatórios / Abstract: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are inflammatory bowel disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the mucosa, resulting in diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal pain, anemia, fever, fatigue and weight loss in both men and women. It is believed that these manifestations are the result of a multifactorial interaction involving genetically susceptible individuals, environmental conditions, imbalance in intestinal microflora and immune response imbalance. Drugs derived from 5-aminosalicylic acid (sulfasalazine, mesalamine), corticosteroids and immunomodulatory agents are used together to treat these diseases. However, such drugs have significant adverse effects, which ultimately motivate research involving natural products as alternative treatments. In this context, this study evaluated the effects of anthocyanins in the fruits of Sambucus nigra L. (Elderberry), shrub species belonging to the family Adoxaceae, in a model of ulcerative colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenes sulfonic acid (TNBS). The fruits of elderberry have large concentrations of secondary metabolites such as anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds, which ultimately give the fruit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and laxative properties. In this study we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the monomeric anthocyanins fraction in the fruits of S. nigra. The results confirmed the in vitro antioxidant effect of anthocyanins, which were effective in reducing both the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test to evaluate the reduction of the radical via electron transfer and the rate of oxidation 2,2 azobis amidinopropane (AAPH), a test that checks radical oxidation via the transfer of hydrogen atoms. In vivo tests concluded that the dose of anthocyanins 5mg.Kg-1 had the best response to reduce the damage caused by TNBS, being effective in maintaining the levels of GSH (5.709 ± 0.931) compared to TNBS group (0, 8525 ± 0.298) and the saline group (6.610 ± 3.926). These anthocyanins were also effective in increasing the activity of SOD (8.487 ± 2.505) compared with the TNBS group (3.884 ± 0.925) and the saline group (12.240 ± 4.199), and reduce the activity of MPO (4.519 ± 2.016) when compared to TNBS group (7.572 ± 2.572) and the saline group (1.314 ± 0.319). The results obtained in the enzymatic activities of GPx (17.03 ± 3.951 in the treated group and 22.13 ± 11.510 in group TNBS) and GR (0.6524 ± 0.1180 in the treated group and 0.7249 ± 0.3968 TNBS group) compared to saline group (84.22 ± 41.88) and (2.131 ± 0.9858) respectively, indicate that there was a decrease in the activation of these enzymes after 24h of colitis induction. Likewise there were no changes in the levels of LPO (5.756 ± 1.884 in the treated group and 5.113 ± 0.8254 in group TNBS) compared to saline group (4.688 ± 1.126). The anti-inflammatory assays have shown promising antiinflammatory activity, whereas anthocyanins were able to maintain levels of IL-10 (466.7 ± 56.32) than those obtained in non-colitis group (492.4 ± 154 , 5), when compared to TNBS group (264.8 ± 66.35), and reduce the production of IL-12 (202.3 ± 53.33) compared with untreated animals (319.3 ± 111 , 5) and the saline group (149.8 ± 51.76). In this study it was concluded that anthocyanins present in elderberry fruits have antioxidant activity, and increased levels of IL-10, this cytokine, which probably participates in reducing levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and consequently the expression of inflammatory mediators / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

<p>Glavni cilj ove doktorske disertacije je određivanje hemijskog sastava, biolo&scaron;kih i funkcionalnih karakteristika novih proizvoda od zove. Dobijanje proizvoda na bazi zove zasniva se na primeni tradicionalnih i savremenih tehnolo&scaron;kih procesa proizvodnje. Iskori&scaron;ćenje prirodnog potencijala zove započeto je primenom tradicionalne i savremene (liofilizacija) tehnike su&scaron;enja. U cilju dobijanja visoko-vrednih ekstrakata ploda i cveta zove primenjene su tradicionalna (maceracija) i savremene (ultrazvučna i mikrotalasna) ekstrakcione tehnike sa dva ekstragensa (50% etanol i voda). Dobijanje matičnog soka od plodova zove podrazumevalo je primenu tradicionalnog načina ceđenja, dok je vino od plodova zove dobijeno po standardnom postupku proizvodnje vina. Vino je izloženo različitim temperaturnim tretmanima u različitom vremenskom periodu (60 &deg;C u toku 5 minuta, 60 &deg;C u toku 10 minuta, 70 &deg;C u toku 5 minuta i bez toplotnog tretmana) u cilju evaluacije biolo&scaron;ke aktivnosti dobijenog proizvoda. Etarsko ulje ploda i cveta zove je dobijeno hidrodestilacijom. Ispitivanje efikasnosti primenjenih tehnolo&scaron;kih postupaka su&scaron;enja i ekstrakcije je zasnovano na određivanju biolo&scaron;kih i funkcionalnih karakteristika dobijenih ekstrakata ploda i cveta zove. U ispitivanim ekstraktima ploda i cveta zove dominantne fenolne kiseline su hlorogenska i protokatehinska kiselina, a rutin i kvercetin-3-O-heksozid su dominantna flavonoidna jedinjenja. Biolo&scaron;ke i funkcionalne karakteristike su ispitane primenom različitih in vitro antioksidativnih, neuroprotektivnih, antitirozinaznih i antidijabetogenih testova. Primenom liofilizacije kao savremene tehnike su&scaron;enja i mikrotalasne ekstrakcije kao savremene ekstrakcione tehnike povećava se biopotencijal ispitivanih ekstrakata. Matični sok od plodova zove kao potencijalno novi funkcionalni proizvod je analiziran u cilju definisanja hemijskog, fitohemijskog i nutritivnog sastava, biolo&scaron;kog potencijala i senzorskih karakteristika. Ispitivanja dobijenog vina su bila usmerena na utvrđivanje optimalnih uslova za proizvodnju voćnog vina. Definisanjem hemijskog i fitohemijskog sastava i evaluacijom biopotencijala vina određen je optimalan temperaturni profil za dobijanje jednog od novih funkcionalnih proizvoda. Na osnovu utvrđenog hemijskog sastava etarsko ulje ploda i cveta zove se pokazalo kao potencijalno novi prirodni agens za održavanje svežine i produženja roka trajanja prehrambenih proizvoda. Zova je nesumnjivo samonikla biljna vrsta koja u budućnosti osnovano može biti polazna sirovina za kreiranje i dobijanje novih prehrmabenih proizvoda na domaćem i inostranom trži&scaron;tu.</p> / <p>The main goal of this doctoral dissertation is to determine the chemical composition, biological and functional characteristics of new elderberry products. Elderberry products were obtained via traditional and modern technological processes. The exploitation of the natural potential of the elderberry started with the application of traditional and modern (lyophilization) drying techniques. To obtain high-value extracts of fruits and flowers, traditional (maceration) and modern (ultrasonic and microwave) extraction techniques with two solvents (50% ethanol and water) were applied. Obtaining the juice from the elderberry fruits implied the application of the traditional cold pressing method, whereas wine from the elderberry fruits was obtained in accordance with the standard procedure of wine production. The wine was exposed to different temperature treatments in different periods (60&deg;C for 5 minutes, 60&deg;C for 10 minutes, 70&deg;C for 5 minutes and without heat treatment) to evaluate the biological activity of the product. The essential oil of the fruit and flower was obtained by hydrodistillation. The examination of the efficiency of the applied technological procedures of drying and extraction is based on observing the biological and functional characteristics of the obtained extracts of the said fruits and flowers. In the examined fruit and flower extracts, the dominant phenolic acids are chlorogenic and protocatechuic acid, while rutin and quercetin-3-O-hexoside are the dominant flavonoid compounds. Biological and functional characteristics were examined using various in vitro antioxidant, neuroprotective, antityrosinase, and antidiabetic tests. The application of lyophilization and microwave extraction (as modern drying and extraction techniques) increased the biopotential of the analyzed extracts. Elderberry juice, a potentially new functional product, was analyzed to define the chemical, phytochemical and nutritional composition, biological potential, and sensory characteristics. The wine was tested in order to determine the optimal conditions for the production of fruit wine. By defining the chemical and phytochemical composition and evaluating the biopotential of wine, the optimal temperature profile for obtaining one of the new functional products was determined. Based on the obtained chemical composition, it is determined that the essential oil of fruits and flowers is a potentially new natural agent for maintaining freshness and extending the shelf life of food products. Without a doubt, elderberry is a wild plant species that could be used in the future as the starting material for creating and obtaining new food products on the domestic and foreign markets.</p>