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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Improved Techniques for Protein Analysis Focusing on Membrane Proteins and Hydrophobic Peptides

Redeby, Theres January 2006 (has links)
In this thesis, the vital cell functions performed by integral membrane proteins (IMPs) are briefly discussed. Such proteins are under-represented in most protein studies due to the hydrophobic nature of IMPs, which seriously complicate their solubilization, sample handling, preparation, separation and analysis. Conventional analytical techniques include for example matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDIMS), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Presented here are methods and protocols, which have been developed especially for IMP and hydrophobic peptide analysis, using the abovementioned techniques. The fluorinated organic solvent hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) has previously been shown beneficial as an additive for solubilization of hydrophobic analytes, which are poorly soluble in commonly used organic solvents or water. In Papers I-IV, HFIP is successfully exploited as solvent for the investigated IMPs and peptides. The simple fabrication and the focusing effect of a new structured MALDI target plate are presented in Paper I. This target plate contains concentrating sample spots, specifically designed to provide increased sensitivity for hydrophobic protein and peptide MALDI-MS analysis. When replacing a regular steel target with this new structured MALDI plate, more than a five-fold increase in average sensitivity is achieved for HFIP solubilized hydrophobic peptides. The full-length IMP bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and a cyanogen bromide digest thereof are used as model samples for the development of sample handling procedures in Paper II, and the peptides were used for evaluation of the MALDI-target plate in Paper I. Furthermore, the CE separation of the peptides, fractionation onto the structured MALDI plate and following MS analysis is presented in Paper III. Nine of the ten theoretical BR peptides were detected using this method. A protocol for the purification and analysis of chloroplast membrane proteins from the green macroalga Ulva lactuca has been described in Paper IV. The highest protein yield was achieved when proteins were extracted in HFIP, directly from the chloroplasts. The MALDI-MS analysis of samples with and without previous RP-HPLC fractionation revealed proteins with molecular weights ranging between 1 and 376 kDa. In Paper V, a closed-open-closed CE system is presented, containing an open microchannel for off-line MALDI detection. The electroosmotic flow and band broadening of this system has been evaluated. / QC 20100916
2

Improved mass accuracy in MALDI-TOF-MS analysis

Kempka, Martin January 2005 (has links)
<p>Mass spectrometry (MS) is an important tool in analytical chemistry today, particularly in the field of proteomics where identification of proteins is the central activity. The focus in this thesis has been to improve the mass accuracy of MS-analyses in order to improve the possibility for unambiguous identification of proteins.</p><p>In paper I a new peak picking algorithm has been developed for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization - Time of Flight - Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The new algorithm is based on the assumption that two sets of ions are formed during the ionisation, and that these two sets have different Gaussian-distributed velocity profiles. The algorithm then deconvolutes the spectral peak into two Gaussian distributions, were the narrower of the two distributions is utilized for peak picking. The two-Gaussian peak picking algorithm proved to be especially useful when dealing with weak, distorted peaks.</p><p>In paper II a novel chip-based target for MALDI analysis is described. The target features pairs of 50x50 μm anchors in close proximity. Each anchor within a pair could be individually addressed with different sample solutions. Each pair could then be irradiated with the MALDI laser, which allowed ionization to take place on separated anchors simultaneously. This made it possible for us to calibrate analytes with calibration standards that where physically separated from the analyte, but ionized simultaneously. The use of new chip-based MALDI target resulted in a 2-fold reduction of relative mass errors. We could also report a significant reduction of ion suppression. The small size of the anchors provided a good platform for efficient utilization of sample. This resulted in a detection limit of ca. 1.5 attomole of angiotensin I at a S/N of 22:1.</p>
3

Improved mass accuracy in MALDI-TOF-MS analysis

Kempka, Martin January 2005 (has links)
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an important tool in analytical chemistry today, particularly in the field of proteomics where identification of proteins is the central activity. The focus in this thesis has been to improve the mass accuracy of MS-analyses in order to improve the possibility for unambiguous identification of proteins. In paper I a new peak picking algorithm has been developed for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization - Time of Flight - Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The new algorithm is based on the assumption that two sets of ions are formed during the ionisation, and that these two sets have different Gaussian-distributed velocity profiles. The algorithm then deconvolutes the spectral peak into two Gaussian distributions, were the narrower of the two distributions is utilized for peak picking. The two-Gaussian peak picking algorithm proved to be especially useful when dealing with weak, distorted peaks. In paper II a novel chip-based target for MALDI analysis is described. The target features pairs of 50x50 μm anchors in close proximity. Each anchor within a pair could be individually addressed with different sample solutions. Each pair could then be irradiated with the MALDI laser, which allowed ionization to take place on separated anchors simultaneously. This made it possible for us to calibrate analytes with calibration standards that where physically separated from the analyte, but ionized simultaneously. The use of new chip-based MALDI target resulted in a 2-fold reduction of relative mass errors. We could also report a significant reduction of ion suppression. The small size of the anchors provided a good platform for efficient utilization of sample. This resulted in a detection limit of ca. 1.5 attomole of angiotensin I at a S/N of 22:1. / QC 20101206
4

Μεταβολομική ανάλυση κυττάρων HeLa μετά από υπερέκφραση της πρωτεΐνης DGCR14, ενός παράγοντα που σχετίζεται με το σωματίδιο συναρμογής (spliceosome)

Καυκιά, Ελένη 02 March 2015 (has links)
Στην μετα-γονιδιωματική εποχή, την εποχή της συστημικής βιολογίας, η κατανόηση της πολυπλοκότητας της κυτταρικής φυσιολογίας απαιτεί την ανάλυση της δυναμικής των δικτύων βιομοριακών αλληλεπιδράσεων σε όλα τα μοριακά επίπεδα κυτταρικής λειτουργίας. Με τη σειρά της, η λειτουργική γονιδιωματική, ένας θεμελιώδης λίθος της συστημικής βιολογίας, στοχεύει στον πολυδιάστατο χαρακτηρισμό ενός γονιδίου, συνδυάζοντας δεδομένα από τις τεχνολογίες υψηλής απόδοσης. Είναι αυτή ακριβώς η ενοποίηση όλων των μοριακών προτύπων για ένα διαταραγμένο βιολογικό σύστημα που μπορεί να δώσει πληροφορίες αναφορικά με την λειτουργία ενός αγνώστου γονιδίου. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, η παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία αποτελεί μέρος της ολιστικής λειτουργικής ανάλυσης δύο αλληλεπιδρώντων, αγνώστου βιολογικού ρόλου, πρωτεϊνών, της DGCR14 και της FRA10AC1, οι οποίες έχουν απομονωθεί ως συστατικά του σωματιδίου συναρμογής και έχουν συσχετιστεί με νευρολογικές ασθένειες. Η παρούσα εργασία επικεντρώνεται στην μεταβολομική μελέτη των μοριακών επιπτώσεων της υπερέκφρασης της DGCR14 σε ένα ανθρώπινο κυτταρικό μοντέλο, τα κύτταρα HeLa, με την χρήση της αέριας χρωματογραφίας - φασματομετρία μάζας. Ωστόσο, για να επιτευχθεί αυτό, θέματα σχετικά με τις δυνατότητες ποσοτικοποίησης των πολυβηματικών ομικών αναλύσεων έπρεπε να επιλυθούν. Μια σημαντική παράμετρος αφορά στην γρήγορη αδρανοποίηση των ενζυματικών διεργασιών έτσι ώστε οι αποκτηθέντες μετρήσεις να αντικατοπτρίζουν την πραγματική κυτταρική φυσιολογία. Για τον σκοπό αυτό, ο πειραματικός σχεδιασμός πρέπει να τροποποιείται κατάλληλα έτσι ώστε οποιεσδήποτε απαιτούμενες προ-αναλυτικές διαδικασίες χειρισμού των κυττάρων να έχουν ελάχιστη επίδραση στην φυσιολογία τους. Μελετήσαμε συνεπώς την επίδραση τεσσάρων πρωτοκόλλων συλλογής προσκολλημένων κυττάρων και δύο διαφορετικών διαλυμάτων έκπλυσης στο μεταβολικό πρότυπο κυττάρων HeLa. Τα μεταβολομικά δεδομένα αξιολογήθηκαν στο πλαίσιο της καρκινικής μεταβολικής φυσιολογίας και το πρωτόκολλο με την ελάχιστη δυνατή επίδραση στην κυτταρική φυσιολογία καθορίστηκε. Μεταξύ των αποτελεσμάτων αυτής της μελέτης, πολύτιμες πληροφορίες σχετικά με την μεταβολική φυσιολογία των αθανατοποιημένων κυτταρικών σειρών προέκυψαν, οι οποίες ενίσχυσαν σημαντικά την υπάρχουσα γνώση γύρω από τον καρκινικό μεταβολισμό, σε σταθερές ή μεταβαλλόμενες περιβαλλοντικές συνθήκες. Επακόλουθα, η βελτιστοποίηση της διαδικασίας συλλογής είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την δημιουργία ενός αντιπροσωπευτικού μεταβολικού προτύπου κυττάρων HeLa πάνω στο οποίο πραγματοποιήθηκε η αξιολόγηση της υπερέκφρασης της πρωτεΐνης DGCR14 χωρίς να επισκιάζεται από πειραματικές αποκλίσεις εισαγόμενες από την διαδικασία χειρισμού των κυττάρων. Αναφορικά με τα κύτταρα που υπερεκφράζουν την DGCR14, η μεταβολομική ανάλυση εντόπισε μια αλλαγή φυσιολογίας συνδεόμενη με συγκεκριμένα μεταβολικά μονοπάτια τα οποία υποδηλώνουν έντονο μεταβολικό στρες. Για να διερευνήσουμε την συσχέτιση της υπερέκφρασης της DGCR14 με τον παραπάνω μεταβολικό φαινότυπο, χρησιμοποιήσαμε το ανακατασκευασμένο δίκτυο πρωτεϊνικών αλληλεπιδράσεων του σωματιδίου συναρμογής στον άνθρωπο και το δίκτυο πρωτεϊνικών αλληλεπιδράσεων στον άνθρωπο από την μετα-βάση δεδομένων PICKLE, προκειμένου να αντλήσουμε επιπλέον πληροφορίες για τον ρόλο της DGCR14 βάσει της θέσης της σε σχέση με άλλους κόμβους και υπερ-κόμβους. Μια πιθανή λειτουργική συσχέτιση της DGCR14 με αυτοφαγικούς και λυσοσωμικούς μηχανισμούς βρέθηκε, η οποία θα αξιολογηθεί και μελλοντικά μέσω της ανάλυσης, ξεχωριστά και συνδυαστικά, των μοριακών συνεπειών της υπερ- και υπο-έκφρασης σε όλα τα μοριακά επίπεδα κυτταρικής λειτουργίας. / In the post-genomic, systems biology era, developing a systems level understanding of a physiological process requires the analysis of biomolecular network dynamics at all molecular levels of cellular function. Likewise, functional genomics, an essential foundation of systems biology research, aims to define and analyze gene function at a global level by integrating data obtained from multiple high-throughput technologies. It is the integration of all the molecular profiles for a systematically perturbed system that can provide insight about the function of unknown genes. Along these lines, the present study is part of the systematic functional analysis of two interacting, but yet of unknown biological role, spliceosomal proteins, DGCR14 and FRA10AC1, that have both been implicated in neurological diseases. The present work focuses on studying the molecular consequences of DGCR14 overexpression in a human cell model, HeLa cells, at the metabolic level using Gas Chromatography-(ion trap) Mass Spectrometry. However, to succeed in this, issues regarding the quantification capabilities of the multistep omic analysis procedures needed to be resolved. A major concern refers to the fast quenching of any enzymatic processes, so that the acquired measurements indeed reflect the cellular physiology in vivo. To this end, the experimental design should be appropriately adjusted so that any required sample handling actions before quenching have a minimal effect on cellular physiology. Thus, we investigated the effect of four cell collection protocols and two different washing solutions on the intracellular metabolic profile measurements of a HeLa cell culture. The measurements were interpreted in the context of the known cancer cell metabolic physiology and the protocol with the minimum possible effect on cellular physiology was specified. Among the results of this study, valuable information about the metabolic physiology of the immortal cell line arise, which improved our knowledge about cancer metabolism under steady or varying environmental conditions. Subsequently, the optimization of the collection procedure enabled us to establish a representative metabolic profile of HeLa cells against which the overexpression of DGCR14 was evaluated without being obscured by the effect of the sample handling. Regarding the overexpressing cells, the metabolomic analysis detected a trend of physiological change connected to specific metabolic pathways indicating strong metabolic stress. To understand how DGCR14 overexpression generates this particular metabolic phenotype, we used the human spliceosomal complex protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the integrated human PPI meta-database PICKLE to extract additional information about DGCR14 role based on its location with respect to other nodes and hubs. A possible functional correlation of DGCR14 to autophagic and lysosomal mechanisms was established, that will be further evaluated in the future through the analysis, separately and in combination, of the consequences of DGCR14 over- and under-expression at all molecular levels of cellular function.

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