In this study the design of the sanitary ware and bathrooms are examined, concentrating on small bathrooms and changing design aspects of bathrooms. The design considerations of bathrooms and the design of the bath tub, wash basin and toilet which forms the sanitary ware sets in bathrooms is reviewed as for being dominant elements of bathroom design.

The influence of drying parameters namely residence time before drying, drying temperature, drying time, relative humidity, and slip recipe on the drying rate of slip cast sanitary wares, predominantly lavatories and toilet closets, was studied. The drying temperatures were changed from 80 oC to 110 oC with an increment of 10 oC. The drying time was changed from 10 to 7 h with a decrease of 1 hour. Relative humidity of the environment was changed from 60 to 75 %. The percent weight loss, percent residual moisture and the percent shrinkage of the samples were determined by weighing and measuring the samples before and after the tests. The percent weight loss was within the range of 6.5 to 6.6 % after holding the as cast samples for 6 hours at ambient casting shop conditions while it was within the range of 17.96 to 18.10 % when subsequently dried for 10 hours at 110 oC in the dryer. The percent shrinkage was within the range of 2.9 - 3.0 % after holding the as cast samples 6 h at ambient laboratory conditions. No shrinkage was observed in the sample when it was subsequently dried for 10 hours at 110 oC in the dryer. Optimum moisture content of dried wares was obtained after drying for 8 hours at 100 oC in the dryer. It has been seen that the relative humidity of the dryer at the beginning of the drying should be lower than 75 %. As the non-plastic content in the recipe of the sanitary ware slip increased, drying shrinkage and residual moisture content decreased. The results of this study showed that through increasing the residence time up to 6h with a casting shop environment of approximately 30 oC and 60 % relative humidity, the drying time could be safely reduced from 10 h to 8 h with a drying temperature of 100 oC for the test plates. The same approach can be used for more complex shapes, e.g., WC closets, basins, tanks etc. in EczacibaSi Vitra plant. Once the drying time was reduced, the amount of natural gas per ware would be reduced to a certain extent. Aside from that the reduction in the drying time would increase the quantity of the drying cycles per week so that more wares could be dried. When all these observations were taken into account, this thesis study could also be utilized by other sanitary ware producing companies whose processes require slip cast drying.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-10T13:17:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULA SIMONE SOARES DE MEDEIROS - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 2261838 bytes, checksum: 5b33d306d5194e626b13402878abf44d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-10T13:17:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULA SIMONE SOARES DE MEDEIROS - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 2261838 bytes, checksum: 5b33d306d5194e626b13402878abf44d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / Capes / As indústrias de beneficiamento e transformação de minérios geram quantidades bastante significativas de resíduos e atualmente existe uma preocupação mundial com a contaminação do meio ambiente. Os custos de disposição de resíduos e tratamentos de efluentes de forma ambientalmente correta são elevados, o que tem motivado muitas pesquisas sobre reciclagem desses resíduos para uso como matérias primas cerâmicas. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a incorporação do resíduo do beneficiamento de quartzito para uso como matérias prima cerâmicas em substituição parcial aos materiais não-plásticos (quartzo e feldspato), para produção de louças sanitárias. Inicialmente as matérias primas convencionais e alternativas (resíduo de quartzito) foram submetidas a uma caracterização físico-mineralógica através das seguintes técnicas: análise granulométrica por difração a laser (AG), difração de raios X (DRX), fluorescência de raios X (EDX), análises térmicas (DTA, TG). Após caracterização foram formuladas barbotinas sem e com resíduo nos percentuais de 2, 4 e 6%, e posteriormente avaliadas suas propriedades reológicas. Após preparação da massa foram conformados corpos de prova pelo processo de colagem, em seguida submetidos a etapa de queima a temperatura de 1.200ºC em forno contínuo e forno intermitente. Após queima foram determinadas as propriedades físicomecânicas: absorção de água; porosidade aparente; perda ao fogo, ensaio mecânico de flexão em três pontos e retração linear. Os resultados evidenciaram que o resíduo de quartzito poderá ser utilizado em até 6% em massa cerâmica para produção em louça sanitária, sendo que os melhores resultados foram para os corpos cerâmicos sinterizados em forno contínuo. / The beneficiation and mineral processing industries generate significant quantities of waste and there is a global concern with environmental contamination. The waste disposal cost and treatments are high, which has motivated much research on recycling of this waste for use as ceramic raw materials. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the incorporation of quartzite processing of waste for use as raw material ceramics in partial substitution of non-plastic materials (quartz and feldspar) for the production of sanitary wares. Initially materials conventional and alternatives (quartzite residue) were subjected to physical and mineralogical characterization using the following techniques: particle size analysis by laser diffraction, X ray diffraction, X ray fluorescence, thermal analysis. After characterizations, the slurries were formulated with and without residue in percentage of 2, 4 and 6%, and then their rheological properties were evaluated. After conformation, test specimens were firing at temperature of 1200 °C in continuous and intermittent furnace. After firing were determined physical and mechanical properties: water absorption; porosity; loss on ignition, mechanical testing of three point bending and linear shrinkage. The results showed that the residue of quartzite can be used by up to 6% ceramic mass production in sanitary ware, and the best results were for the sintered ceramic bodies in continuous furnace.

El presente estudio aborda el problema de ineficiencia en una línea de ensamble de sanitarios causados por un 23.58% de tiempo improductivos, movimientos ineficientes en un 45.25% y un 31.16% en exceso de desplazamiento de la pieza. En consecuencia, el cumplimiento del plan de producción se ve afectado mensualmente y ocasiona una pérdida de oportunidad de S/. 994,074.00, que representa aproximadamente el 21% de los ingresos mensuales por producción del producto principal One Piece. En este contexto, el siguiente caso de estudio propone un modelo de estandarización de trabajo integrado por las técnicas de Ingeniería de Métodos. Adicionalmente, se complementan estas técnicas con el rediseño del layout mediante la Planificación Sistemática del Layout (SLP) con el objetivo de optimizar la eficiencia de línea y contribuir a la literatura, ya que no existe una cantidad considerable de estudios relacionados al área de ensamble y al sector de productos sanitarios. El modelo es validado mediante una simulación en el software Arena y se obtiene como resultado el incremento de la eficiencia en un 14% aproximadamente. Asimismo, se analiza un flujo de caja económico y un flujo de caja financiero de los cuales se obtiene un índice de rendimiento (RBC) de S/. 5.01 y S/. 18.11 respectivamente. / This study addresses the problem of inefficiency in a sanitary assembly line caused by 23.58% of unproductive time, inefficient movements by 45.25% and 31.16% in excess of displacement of the piece. Consequently, compliance with the production plan is affected every month and it causes a loss of opportunity of S /. 994,074.00, which represents approximately 21% in the monthly production income of the main product One Piece. In this context, the following case study proposes a work standardization model made up of Method Engineering techniques. Additionally, these techniques are complemented with the layout redesign through the Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) in order to optimize the line efficiency and to contribute to the literature, since there is not a considerable amount of studies related to the area of ​​assembly and to the sanitary products sector. The model is validated by a simulation in the Arena software and the result is an increase in efficiency of 14% approximately. Likewise, an economic cash flow and a financial cash flow are analyzed, from which a performance index (RBC) of S /. 5.01 and S /. 18.11 respectively. / Trabajo de investigación