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Thesis (M.S.)--Middle East Technical University, 2003. / Keywords: Cleaner production, waste reduction, dairy, market milk processing.

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A bucket sanitation system is being replaced by waterborne sanitation at an apartheid created town called Ekuvukeni near Ladysmith in KwaZulu Natal. This study examines the reasons for upgrading sanitation at Ekuvukeni from a bucket system to a waterborne system, the problems and issues surrounding this project and the likely consequences for Ekuvukeni and the surrounding environment.. The study found that complex political and structural issues and problems have developed around sanitation at Ekuvukeni. These together with other software issues related to sanitation in the South African context have not been adequately considered. The result is that there are many uncertainties which increase the risk of waterborne sanitation system failure and this in turn, would have ' disastrous consequences for the people of Ekuvukeni and the surrounding environment. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

The purpose of this study was to see how lack of toilets along with occupational heat affects health and prosperous. It is based on interviews made on women and men working in the surroundings of Chennai, India, with and without access to toilets, that all are affected by occupational heat. Questions about their perception of how their health is affected by working in heat are asked. There are also questions about how their work is affected by their toilet situation. Some of the interviewees have access to shadow and to toilets and some do not have any access to these facilities. Totally 72 people have been interviewed, 58 women and 14 men. 50 of them had access to toilets and 22 did not. All of the interviewees are affected by the heat and some of them have diseases that indicates on health problems caused by no or limited access to toilets. The workers with no access to toilets are the group that have most health problems and are also the group that go for urination and defecation least. The workers with access to toilets are the group that have least health problems and go to the toilet most. Men with no access to toilets go more often than women with no toilets and are more similar with the group with access to toilets. This report is a minor field study, funded by SIDA, and made in collaboration with Sri Ramachandra University, India.

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Alfalfa sprouts have been implicated in several salmonellosis outbreaks in recent years. Electrolysis of a NaCl solution generates, in the anode side of a two-chamber electrolyzer, acidic electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water which contains Cl₂, HOC1, dissolved oxygen, and it is characterized by a low pH and a high oxidation reduction potential (ORP). The disinfectant effects of EO water against Salmonella enterica both in an aqueous system and on artificially contaminated alfalfa seeds were determined. EO water (pH 2.54 to 2.38, and ORP +1083 to +1092 mV) exhibited strong potential for the inactivation of S. enterica in an aqueous system (producing a reduction of at least 6.6 log CFU/ml). Treatment of artificially contaminated alfalfa seeds with EO water at a seed-to-EO water ratio of 1:100 for 15 and 60 min significantly reduced Salmonella populations by 2.04 and 1.96 log CFU/g, respectively (P < 0.05), while a Butterfield's buffer wash decreased Salmonella populations by 0.18 and 0.23 log CFU/g, respectively. Germination of seeds was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by a treatment for up to 60 min in electrolyzed water. Further studies were undertaken to investigate whether •OH radical species are present in EO water or are formed when EO water reacts with iron ions. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) coupled with the spin trapping technique was used for the detection of free radicals. The DMPO-OH spin adduct, characteristic to •OH radicals, was not observed. In the presence of DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide), the reactions of EO water with Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ yielded the spin adduct DMPO-OH. However, the addition of •OH radical scavengers (ethanol, methanol, and mannitol) to the reaction mixture, did not reduce the DMPO-OH signal nor generated the characteristic DMPO-alkyl spin adducts. This indicated that the DMPO-OH signal was due to a nucleophilic addition of water to DMPO and not to trapping of OH radicals. Addition of DMPO to EO water, generated an ESR spectrum identical with that of 5,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone- N-oxyl (DMPOX). Hypochlorous acid, generated in the anode chamber, is proposed to oxidize the spin trap DMPO with the formation of DMPOX. / Graduation date: 2004

Graduation date:1977

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1931. / Vita. Published also without thesis note.