The purpose of this study was to see how lack of toilets along with occupational heat affects health and prosperous. It is based on interviews made on women and men working in the surroundings of Chennai, India, with and without access to toilets, that all are affected by occupational heat. Questions about their perception of how their health is affected by working in heat are asked. There are also questions about how their work is affected by their toilet situation. Some of the interviewees have access to shadow and to toilets and some do not have any access to these facilities. Totally 72 people have been interviewed, 58 women and 14 men. 50 of them had access to toilets and 22 did not. All of the interviewees are affected by the heat and some of them have diseases that indicates on health problems caused by no or limited access to toilets. The workers with no access to toilets are the group that have most health problems and are also the group that go for urination and defecation least. The workers with access to toilets are the group that have least health problems and go to the toilet most. Men with no access to toilets go more often than women with no toilets and are more similar with the group with access to toilets. This report is a minor field study, funded by SIDA, and made in collaboration with Sri Ramachandra University, India.

Light and rapid constructions as well as considerations such as improved line of sight and increased capacity for modern stadium structures make them vulnerable for vibration serviceability problems. These problems are also observed at convention centers, large shopping malls, concert halls and ballrooms. Especially when the individuals in a crowd are involved in some sort of coordinated motion, this type of loading creates the most potential for high levels of vibration. In order to understand the causes of vibration, vibration levels, service and safety levels, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) can be implemented to track and evaluate performance of a structure during events such as games at football stadia. SHM becomes a critical need especially when decisions such as repair and retrofit are to be made for the structure. The main objectives of this study are a) to determine the impact of vibration to human comfort levels; b) to identify dynamic loading for the coordinated motion; c) to determine the structural performance by means of a detailed model validated using experimental data. In order to achieve these objectives, a football stadium was monitored for three years to establish the vibration levels during different games and different events in each game such as goals, interceptions, playing a particular song. It is seen that certain events and long periods of playing particular songs induced vibration levels that are at the threshold of human comfort based on the design codes. To simulate the crowd motion due to this song, a laboratory study was designed and conducted to experimentally determine the forcing functions due to jumping with the rhythm of the song. The spectral analysis of the stadium data and the song also revealed that the first mode frequency of the stadium and the dominant frequency of the music are very close, creating iv resonance conditions. Further investigative studies were conducted by developing a finite element (FE) model of the stadium, which was validated using the results of the modal analysis from the ambient vibration data. Subsequently, the FE model was employed to simulate forcing functions obtained from the laboratory studies to explore the vibration levels, dynamic response as well as the response of the structure when it is retrofitted by additional elements. In addition, different aspects of model development, with respect to the physical model of the stadium were outlined in terms of design considerations, instrumentation, finite element modeling, and simulating dynamic effect of spectators. Finally, the effectiveness of the retrofit by adding elements to the steel structure of the stadium was explored by simulating the crowd motion with the FE model.

L'infertilité affecte près d'un couple sur 6 en France. L’obésité et l'excès de réserves adipeuses, à l'origine de stress oxydant, sont associés à l'infertilité idiopathique. L’équilibre des concentrations entre les pro et antioxydants est assuré par des enzymes antioxydantes, dont la fonction est partiellement contrôlée par des polymorphismes génétiques. De plus, l'altération des gamètes par le stress oxydant pourrait aussi entraîner des conséquences sur le développement d'infertilité chez la descendance. L'objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les relations entre l’alimentation, le stress oxydant et l’infertilité à travers une étude cas-témoins chez l’Homme et à l’aide d’un modèle animal. Chez l’Homme, le polymorphisme des enzymes impliquées dans le stress oxydant a été étudié chez 110 individus infertiles et 69 fertiles. Le risque d’infertilité est augmenté chez les hommes porteurs d’au moins un allèle Ala-SOD2 (rs4880) et chez les porteurs, hommes et femmes confondus, de deux allèles G-NOS3 (rs1799983). La prise en compte de ces polymorphismes pourrait permettre d’adapter l’alimentation et/ou la prise d’antioxydants selon le génotype du couple infertile idiopathique. Chez la lapine, une alimentation hyperlipidique administrée dès la période prépubertaire a un impact délétère sur la folliculogénèse avec une réduction du nombre de follicules tertiaires et une atrésie folliculaire augmentée par rapport aux témoins. La fonction de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophysaire est aussi perturbée. Chez les descendantes, on observe une atrésie folliculaire augmentée. Ces résultats indiquent qu'une alimentation déséquilibrée en lipides entraine des dysfonctions de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-gonadique chez la mère et ses filles. / Infertility affects one in 6 couples. Obesity and excess fat, which induce oxidative stress, have been associated with idiopathic infertility. The balance between pro- and antioxidant enzymes is insured by antioxidant enzymes, which activity partly depends on genetic polymorphisms. Moreover, the alteration of gamete quality through oxidative stress may also affect offspring development and fertility. The aim of the project was to evaluate the association between nutrition, oxidative stress and infertility through a case-control study in humans and using a rabbit model. In humans, the genetic polymorphism of enzymes involved in oxidative stress was studied in 110 infertile and 69 fertile individuals. The presence of at least one Ala-SOD2 allele in men and the presence of two G-NOS3 alleles in both men and women increased the risk of infertility. The analysis of these gene polymorphisms in infertile couples may help adapting nutrition and/or antioxidant intake depending on the couple's genotype. Feeding a hyperlipidic diet to female rabbits from the prepubertal period has a detrimental impact on folliculogenesis, with a reduction in tertiary follicles and an increase in atretic follicles numbers in the ovary, together with an alteration of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. An increased number of atretic follicles was also observed in adult female offspring. Those results highlight the importance of a high fat diet on hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function in females and their offspring.

A dengue foi objeto de estudo desta dissertação, devido ao elevado número de casos que ocorrem anualmente no Brasil, o que demonstra a importância de se conhecer mais as razões de sua incidência. A urbanização, industrialização e crescimento populacional acelerados do país, além das condições climáticas e nível de qualidade de vida, alteram as condições de saúde ambiental, o que favoreceu o aumento das ocorrências. A recéminstitucionalizada Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte, que apresenta alta taxa de urbanização e níveis de desenvolvimento elevados, apresentou uma grande diversidade de ocorrências e incidência entre seus trinta e nove municípios. Este estudo analisou a distribuição dos casos dengue, considerando os níveis de atendimento do abastecimento de água, rede de esgoto e coleta de lixo na Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte e o nível de inserção econômica das cidades, que revelou ser esta a provável causa do elevado número de casos em doze das trinta e nove cidades. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se a partir das notificações de dengue contidas no SINAN (Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação), considerando notificações por ano do 1º sintoma e segundo o munícipio de residência. As informações a respeito da Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte foram obtidas através das informações disponibilizadas e foram pesquisadas nos documentos desenvolvidos pela EMPLASA. Os dados socioambientais foram acessados no site da SEADE, com base nos censos de 2000 e 2010. Para calcular as taxas de incidências, foi utilizado o número estimado da população disponível no DATASUS, que tem como fonte os censos e projeções populacionais desenvolvidas pelo IBGE. Os resultados indicaram como provável causa da distribuição irregular da doença e seu elevado número de ocorrências em algumas cidades, o nível de inserção que ela apresenta no cenário regional, estadual e nacional. O estudo mostra a dificuldade de se estabelecer condicionantes quanto à dengue, indicando que há a necessidade de ampliar os dados a serem analisados, além de mudar a escala de regional para o local, visando desenvolver subsídios que possibilitem o planejamento de forma regionalizada . / The dengue fever was the subject of this study due to the numerous cases of the disease that occurs annually in Brazil, a fact that shows the urge to know more about the disease spreading reasons. The countrys fast urbanization, industrialization and population growth, besides the climatic conditions and welfare levels, changes the environmental and health conditions and has favored the increase of occurrences. The newly created Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte metropolitan area, a high urbanized and high developed region, showed a great diversity of occurrences and incidence between its thirty-nine municipalities. This study had analyzed the dengues cases distribution considering the elevated number of the disease subjects in twelve of the thirty-nine municipalities. This paper analyzed the distribution of the dengue fever considering the water supply, sewage treatment and waste collection levels in the metropolitan area and the level of economic relevance of its cities and revealed that the latter is the probable cause of the high number of the diseases incidence in the aforementioned cities. This research has been developed from notifications of the dengue disease based on SINAN (Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação), considering the first symptom notifications per year and according the home city of the patient. The information related to the Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte metropolitan area were obtained from the documents developed and provided by EMPLASA. The socio-environmental data were accessed in the SEADEs website and based on the 2000 and 2010 census. In order to calculate the incidence taxes, the estimated population number provided by DATASUS had been used. This number is based on sources and population growth projections developed by IBGE. The results indicate that the probable cause of the diseases irregular distribution and its elevated number of occurrences in some cities was the level of the citys relevance and influence on its region or state. The study shows the difficulties of constraining dengue fever spreading, and indicates the need of widen the data to be analyzed and, furthermore, changing the data from regional to local scale, in order to develop subventions that will allow a region-organized planning.

Personer som drabbas av kronisk njursjukdom och startar behandling med hemodialys får en förändrad livssituation. Kärlaccess är en förutsättning för behandling och är personens framtida livlina. Sjuksköterskans uppgift är att ge stöd och stärka personens förmåga att uppleva hälsa trots sjukdom. Möjlighet att nå delaktighet och ökad egenvård är olika för varje enskild person och sjuksköterskan behöver bred kunskap för att möta detta behov. Syftet med studien, som utfördes som en litteraturöversikt, var att utifrån patientperspektivet belysa erfarenheter av hur kärlaccess kan påverka hälsan hos personer i hemodialys. Resultatet visade att tillit till sjuksköterskan och till sig själv, kunskap om sig själv och sin sjukdom, viljan att inte känna sig annorlunda och stöd från personer i sin omgivning påverkade hälsan. Tillit till sjuksköterskan behövs för att, trots rädsla vid placering av nålar, kunna vara delaktig i behandling. Stöd och kunskap har betydelse för personens väg mot egenvård. Mer forskning är önskvärd inom området för att belysa upplevelser hos personer med dialys och kärlaccessens betydelse för självständig behandling. / The life situation changes for individuals suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease who starts treatment with Hemodialysis. A vascular access is a prerequisite and is the individual’s future lifeline. The nurse’s task is to support and reinforce the individual’s ability to experience health despite disease. The possibility to achieve involvement and increased self-care varies for each individual and the nurse requires extensive knowledge to meet this need. The study was carried out as a literature overview. The purpose was, from a patient perspective, to highlight experience of how vascular access can influence the health of people with hemodialysis.The result showed that trust in the nurse and themselves, knowledge about themselves and their illness, willingness not to feel different and support from the people around them influenced the health. Trust in the nurse is needed to facilitate involvement in the treatment, despite fear when inserting the needles. Support and knowledge is of value in order for the individual towards self-care. More research on this subject is desirable to highlight the experiences of individuals in dialysis and the significance of the vascular access in order to achieve independent treatment.

FACT Around 2.6 billion people worldwide lack access to adequate sanitation and hygiene.  WHY SHOULD WE CARE? Hand washing with soap shows the greatest reduction in diarrhea morbidity (over 40%), and can also reduce respiratory tract infection by about one third.  WHAT ARE WE WAITING FOR? Despite the cost effectiveness of hand washing with soap, and the fact that it is a relatively simple behavior, encouraging good hand washing practice remains a challenge. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE? This project aims to spread hand hygiene in rural Kenyan households by engaging local manufacturers. In this project, World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) supported preliminary consumer research and product design work for a new affordable hand washing station.

Titel:                                   Kvinnors upplevelse av övervikt och fetmas påverkan på deras                               vardag - en analys av bloggar skrivna av kvinnor. Författare:                         Wigholm, Ann-Marie; Österlund, Felicia Institution:                         Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, Högskolan i Skövde Program/Kurs:                 Examensarbete i omvårdnad, 15 hp Handledare:                      Lund, Annelise, Tilly Examinator:                      Brovall, Maria Sidor:                                 23 Datum<img src="https://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" />:                               150422 Nyckelord:                         Fetma, hälsa, lidande, ohälsa, övervikt   Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma har ökat och blivit ett folkhälsoproblem i samhället. Problemet kan leda till lidande hos individen, både fysiskt och psykiskt. För att bibehålla en god hälsa och undvika övervikt eller fetma har sunda levnadsvanor stor betydelse. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i att stödja och motivera patienten, för att uppnå fysiskt och psykiskt välbefinnande. Syfte: Att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av övervikt och fetmas påverkan på deras vardag. Metod: En kvalitativ metod enligt Lundman och Hällgren- Graneheim  av bloggtexter skrivna av kvinnor har använts. Resultat: I resultatet kunde tre kategorier urskiljas, som beskrev hur kvinnorna blev påverkade i sin vardag. Dessa var "Belastningar i vardagen av den egna kroppen", "Intryck från omgivningen" och "Den ständigt varierande självkänslan". Temat som framkom var "Fysisk och psykisk påverkan i vardagen", då samtliga av kvinnorna visade olika grad av psykisk ohälsa. Diskussion: Kvinnor med övervikt och fetma kände sig annorlunda och tyckte sig inte bli bemötta på samma sätt som andra i samhället, deras vardag påverkades på så vis att deras fysiska och psykiska välmående försämrades. Slutsats: Kvinnorna hade ofta ett nedsatt fysiskt och psykiskt välbefinnande, därför bör resurser läggas på ökad kunskap för sjuksköterskor kring kommunikation och psykisk ohälsa. / Title:                                   Women's experiences of overweight and obesity's affects on                                  their the daily life - an analysis of blogs written by women. Authors:                            Wigholm, Ann-Marie; Österlund, Felicia Department:                      Nursing school of health and education, University of Skövde Course:                              Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Thesis in Nursing Care, 15 hp Supervisor:                        Lund, Annelise, Tilly Examiner:                          Brovall, Maria Pages:                                 23 Date:                                  150422 Keywords:                         Healt, obesity, overweight, suffering, unhealth     Background: Overweight and obesity have increased and become a public health problem<img src="https://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" /> in the society. The problem can lead to suffering by the individual, both physically and mentally. In order to maintain good health and avoid overweight and obesity a healthy lifestyle has great importance. The nurse has an important role to support and motivate the patient to achieve physical and mental well-being. Aim: To illustrate women's experience of overweight and obesity's affects on their daily lives. Method: A qualitative method according to Lundman and Hällgren- Graneheim of blog texts written by women has been used. Results: In the result three categories could be identified, who described how women were affected in their daily lives. Which were "Encumbrance on the own body in the everyday life", "Impressions from the environment" and "The ever-changing self-esteem." The theme that appeared was "Physical and psychological impact in the everyday life", beacause all of the women showed different degrees of mental illness. Discussion: Women with overweight and obesity felt differently treated in the environment, their daily life was affected in such a way that their physical and mental well-being deteriorated . Conclusion: The women had a reduced physical and mental well-being, therefore, resources should be put in to increased knowledge of nurses regarding communication and mental illness.

A dengue foi objeto de estudo desta dissertação, devido ao elevado número de casos que ocorrem anualmente no Brasil, o que demonstra a importância de se conhecer mais as razões de sua incidência. A urbanização, industrialização e crescimento populacional acelerados do país, além das condições climáticas e nível de qualidade de vida, alteram as condições de saúde ambiental, o que favoreceu o aumento das ocorrências. A recéminstitucionalizada Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte, que apresenta alta taxa de urbanização e níveis de desenvolvimento elevados, apresentou uma grande diversidade de ocorrências e incidência entre seus trinta e nove municípios. Este estudo analisou a distribuição dos casos dengue, considerando os níveis de atendimento do abastecimento de água, rede de esgoto e coleta de lixo na Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte e o nível de inserção econômica das cidades, que revelou ser esta a provável causa do elevado número de casos em doze das trinta e nove cidades. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se a partir das notificações de dengue contidas no SINAN (Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação), considerando notificações por ano do 1º sintoma e segundo o munícipio de residência. As informações a respeito da Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte foram obtidas através das informações disponibilizadas e foram pesquisadas nos documentos desenvolvidos pela EMPLASA. Os dados socioambientais foram acessados no site da SEADE, com base nos censos de 2000 e 2010. Para calcular as taxas de incidências, foi utilizado o número estimado da população disponível no DATASUS, que tem como fonte os censos e projeções populacionais desenvolvidas pelo IBGE. Os resultados indicaram como provável causa da distribuição irregular da doença e seu elevado número de ocorrências em algumas cidades, o nível de inserção que ela apresenta no cenário regional, estadual e nacional. O estudo mostra a dificuldade de se estabelecer condicionantes quanto à dengue, indicando que há a necessidade de ampliar os dados a serem analisados, além de mudar a escala de regional para o local, visando desenvolver subsídios que possibilitem o planejamento de forma regionalizada . / The dengue fever was the subject of this study due to the numerous cases of the disease that occurs annually in Brazil, a fact that shows the urge to know more about the disease spreading reasons. The countrys fast urbanization, industrialization and population growth, besides the climatic conditions and welfare levels, changes the environmental and health conditions and has favored the increase of occurrences. The newly created Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte metropolitan area, a high urbanized and high developed region, showed a great diversity of occurrences and incidence between its thirty-nine municipalities. This study had analyzed the dengues cases distribution considering the elevated number of the disease subjects in twelve of the thirty-nine municipalities. This paper analyzed the distribution of the dengue fever considering the water supply, sewage treatment and waste collection levels in the metropolitan area and the level of economic relevance of its cities and revealed that the latter is the probable cause of the high number of the diseases incidence in the aforementioned cities. This research has been developed from notifications of the dengue disease based on SINAN (Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação), considering the first symptom notifications per year and according the home city of the patient. The information related to the Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte metropolitan area were obtained from the documents developed and provided by EMPLASA. The socio-environmental data were accessed in the SEADEs website and based on the 2000 and 2010 census. In order to calculate the incidence taxes, the estimated population number provided by DATASUS had been used. This number is based on sources and population growth projections developed by IBGE. The results indicate that the probable cause of the diseases irregular distribution and its elevated number of occurrences in some cities was the level of the citys relevance and influence on its region or state. The study shows the difficulties of constraining dengue fever spreading, and indicates the need of widen the data to be analyzed and, furthermore, changing the data from regional to local scale, in order to develop subventions that will allow a region-organized planning.

This master thesis is trying to describe the situation of private sector in public health care systems. As a private sector we understand patients, private health insurance companies and private health care providers. The focus is placed on private health care providers, especially in ambulatory treatment. At first there is a definition of health as a main determinant of a health care systems, definition of public and private sectors in health care systems and the difficulties at the market of health care, including externalities, inperfect information and elasticity of supply and demand at this market. There is also the problem of financing health care as a mix of public and private payments, which is different in every health care system. The main focus is laid on the situation in the Czech republic. As a comparison there are described situations in Denmark, Germany, Great Britain and United States. The size of private sector in every health care system is different and it depends on different circumstances in particular state, including social-economic development, regulation of health care market from the state and the attitude of patients to private health care.

In the last decade, several epidemiological studies have found a high prevalence of occupational burnout in both western and developing countries. Burnout is a global concern and has the potential to negatively affect the individual’s psychological and physical health, as well as an organization’s and a country’s effectiveness and economy.   The goal of this project was to create a stress management and prevention system that opens up for reflection and discussion on an individual, corporate and societal level. To achieve this the student investigated how stress could be quantified, visualized and communicated in a constructive way.   The final concept assists the individual to recognize their stress and relaxation patterns and make constructive behavioral changes. In the workplace the system indicates stress levels and aims to enable real life communication regarding stress. Exposing stress data to the public empowers society to value and demand stress management.