Using energy more efficiently is essential if carbon emissions are to be reduced. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), energy efficiency improvements represent the largest and least costly savings in carbon emissions, even when compared with renewables, nuclear power and carbon capture and storage. Yet, how should future priorities be directed? Should efforts be focused on light bulbs or diesel engines, insulating houses or improving coal-fired power stations? Previous attempts to assess energy efficiency options provide a useful snapshot for directing short-term responses, but are limited to only known technologies developed under current economic conditions. Tomorrow's economic drivers are not easy to forecast, and new technical solutions often present in a disruptive manner. Fortunately, the theoretical and practical efficiency limits do not vary with time, allowingthe uncertainty of economic forecasts to be avoided and the potential of yet to be discovered efficient designs to be captured. This research aims to provide a rational basis for assessing all future developments in energy efficiency. The global fow of energy through technical devices is traced from fuels to final services, and presented as an energy map to convey visually the scale of energy use. An important distinction is made between conversion devices, which upgrade energy into more useable forms, and passive systems, from which energy is lost as low temperature heat, in exchange for final services. Theoretical efficiency limits are calculated for conversion devices using exergy analysis, and show a 89% potential reduction in energy use. Efforts should befocused on improving the efficiency of, in relative order: biomass burners, refrigeration systems, gas burners and petrol engines. For passive systems, practical utilisation limits are calculated based on engineering models, and demonstrate energy savings of 73% are achievable. Significant gains are found in technical solutions that increase the thermal insulation of building fabrics and reduce the mass of vehicles. The result of this work is a consistent basis for comparing efficiency options, that can enable future technical research and energy policy tobe directed towards the actions that will make the most difference.

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Alberta is the third largest economy in Canada and is expected to grow significantly in the coming decade. The energy sector plays a major role in Albertas economy. The objective of this research is to develop various greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigations scenarios in the energy demand and supply sectors for the Province of Alberta. This is done through an energy-environment planning and forecasting tool called Long Range Energy Alternative Planning system model (LEAP). By using LEAP, a sankey diagram for energy and emission flows for the Province of Alberta has been developed. A reference case also called as business-as-usual scenario was developed for a study period of 25 years (2005-2030). The GHG mitigation scenarios encompassed various demand and supply side scenarios. In the energy conversion sector, mitigation scenarios for renewable power generation and inclusion of supercritical, ultra-supercritical and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants were investigated. In the oil and gas sector, GHG mitigation scenarios with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) option were considered. In Albertas residential and commercial sector 4-6 MT of CO2 equivalents per year of GHG mitigation could be achieved with efficiency improvement. In the industrial sector up to 40 MT of CO2 equivalents per year of GHG reduction could be achieved with efficiency improvement. In the energy conversion sector large GHG mitigation potential lies in the oil and gas sector and also in power plants with carbon capture and storage (CCS) option. The total GHG mitigation possible in the supply side option is between 20 70 MT CO2 equivalents per year. / Engineering Management

In early design phase for new hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrains, simulation isused for the estimation of vehicle fuel consumption. For hybrid electric powertrains,fuel consumption is highly related to powertrain efficiency. While powertrainefficiency of hybrid electric powertrain is not a linear product of efficiencies ofcomponents, it has to be analysed as a sequence of energy conversions includingcomponent losses and energy interaction among components.This thesis is aimed at studying the energy losses and flows and present them in theform of Sankey diagram, later, an adaptive energy management system is developedbased on current rule-based control strategy. The first part involves developing energycalculation block in GT-SUITE corresponding to the vehicle model, calculating allthe energy losses and flows and presenting them in Sankey diagram. The secondpart involves optimizing energy management system control parameters according todifferent representative driving cycles. The third part involves developing adaptiveenergy management system by deploying optimal control parameter based on drivingpattern recognition with the help of SVM (support vector machine).In conclusion, a sturctured way to generate the Sankey diagram has been successfullygenerated and it turns out to be an effective tool to study HEV powertrain efficiencyand fuel economy. In addition, the combination of driving pattern recognition andoptimized control parameters also show a significant potential improvement in fuelconsumption. / Under den tidiga utvecklingsfasen av nya elektrifieradedrivlinor for hybridapplikationer (HEV) används simulering för uppskattning avfordonets bränsleförbrukning. För dess drivlinor är bränsleförbrukningen i hög gradkopplad till drivlinans verkningsgrad. Även om drivlinans verkningsgrad inte ären linjär prokukt av komponenternas verkningsgrad behöve rden analyseras somen sekvens av energiomvandlingar, inklusive förluster och energipåverkan mellankomponenter.Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka energiförluster och flöden samtpresentera dessa i form av sankey diagram. Senare utvecklas ett anpassningsbartenergihanteringssystem baserat på nuvarande regelbaserad kontrollstrategi. Deninledande delen involverar utvecklandet av energianalys i GT-SUITE som motsvararfordonsmodellen, beräkningar av totala energiförluster och flöden samt presentationav dessa i ett sankey diagram. Den andra delen innefattar optimering avenergihanteringssystems kontrollparametrar enligt olika representativa körcykler.Den tredje delen involverar utveckling av anpassningsbara energihanteringssystemgenom användning av optimala kontrollparameterar baserad på detektering avkörbeteende med hjälp av SVM ( stödvektormaskin).Slutligen, ett strukturerat sätt att generera sankey diagrammet har med framgånggenererats och visat sig vara ett effektivt verktyg för studier av HEV drivlinorseffektivitet och bränsleekonomi. Dessutom visar kombinationen av detektering avkörbeteende och optimerade kontrollparametrar på en markant potentiell förbättringi bränsleförbrukning.

Potentialen för nyttiggörandet av spillvärme hos två metallindustrier utvärderas. Det ena företaget härdar stål med vatten och det andra gjuter aluminiumtackor i vattenbad och sprayar även vatten som bildar fuktig luft. Vattnet, ej det sprayade, kyls sedan i kyltorn för att kunna återanvändas i processerna. Sankey-diagram för båda företagen presenteras för att tydligt presentera energiflödena i processerna. Värmeåtervinningsförslag presenteras med gasolkostnadsbesparings exempel. Investeringskostnader och återbetalningstider har ej utvärderats. Teoridelen och metoden är användbar för den som vill utvärdera potentialen för värmeåtervinning hos industrier som använder vatten i olika typer av kylprocesser. I teorin presenteras elproduktions metoder för låga temperaturer, dock ansågs inget av företagen vara lämpliga för elproduktion. Värmeåtervinningsförslagen som presenteras innefattar golvvärme, luftvärmare, fjärrvärmeintegrering och värmelager.

This diploma thesis deals with packaging materials in company Frauenthal Automotive Hustopeče, s. r. o., specifically proposals to improve the storage, flow and use of packaging material with limited storage capacity. The first part contains the theoretical basis of the work. The second part includes a presentation of the company and an analysis of the current situation. In the last part, own solutions to current shortcomings in the company are proposed.

Tirad, a metal machining company, plans to build a new hall as an extension of its operation. This paper deals predominantly with production flow analysis of present operation. The analysis draws upon literary study and the company's previous production experience. Possible placement of machines is suggested in the following part of the paper, based on the analysis and requirements of the company. The fundamental requirement is to separate roughing and finishing technological operations, moving the latter completely into the new hall. The deployment of machines is optimized with regard for materiál flow. The new hall's dimensions are outlined in a drawing. Three options of machine deployment are discussed. In conclusion, these options are compared to one another and also to the present state.

The diploma thesis is focused on proposal of internal production supply in the Walter Ltd. The company is undergoing changes in the production layout and therefore it is necessary to design a new system of production supply. The theoretical part focuses on Toyota production system and methods used in this system. Next part of the theoretical part is dedicated to lean management and lean manufacturing. The last point of theoretical part are supplying and material handling. The theoretical part is basis for analytical part in which is mapped the current state of supplying production lines. The last point of diploma thesis are solution proposals based on analytical data’s.

The thesis is focused on proposal for the new layout of technological worplaces. At first, it analyzes the present state. The second step is the design of possible variants of the new layout. These variants are evaluated. The economic evaluation is performed for chosen variant.

The electrification of the truck is crucial to meet the strategic vision of the European Union (EU) to contribute to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions for all sectors of the economy and society. The battery-electric truck is very efficient to reduce the emissions and has also a lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) compared to diesel trucks. Thus, the energy consumption of the battery-electric truck needs to be analysed in detail, and the differences in the conventional powertrain, recuperation by regenerative braking during driving and charging during standing, need to be considered. This master thesis aims to analyse the energy consumption of the battery-electric truck during driving and standing charging. For driving cycle simulation the Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation TOol (VECTO) and MATLAB are used. Different variations, such as payload, rolling resistance, air drag, and Power Take Off (PTO), are considered in the driving cycle simulation. The driving cycle simulation is verified by calculating the energy balance and compared with the on-road test results. For the standing charging simulation, MATLAB is used to analyse the charging loss with different battery packs and charging speeds. The results are shown with the Sankey diagram and other illustrative tools. Seen from the simulation results, the usable energy of the battery pack is enough for the truck to complete the designed driving cycle. The main loss in the powertrain is the Power Electronic Converter (PEC) and the electric machine. To increase the range and reduce energy loss, using a higher efficiency PEC and electric machine is an efficient method. For the charging simulation, the current Combined Charging System (CCS) standard charging station can charge the battery-electric truck with adequate voltage and reasonable charging time. The main loss during the charging comes from the charging station. / Elektrificering av lastbilen är avgörande för att uppfylla Europeiska Unionens (EUs) strategiska vision att bidra till nettonollutsläpp av växthusgaser för alla sektorer i samhället. Den batterielektriska lastbilen är väldigt effektiv för att reducera utsläppen och är också mer ekonomisk med en lägre Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) jämfört med diesel lastbilar. Således behöver energiförbrukningen för den batterielektriska lastbilen analyseras i detalj, och skillnaderna i den konventionella drivlinan, återhämtning genom regenerativ bromsning under körning och laddning, måste övervägas. Detta examensarbete syftar till att analysera energiförbrukningen för den batterielektriska lastbilen under körning och laddning. För körcykelsimuleringar används the Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation TOol (VECTO) och MATLAB. Olika variationer, såsom nyttolast, rullmotstånd, luftmotstånd och Power Take Off (PTO), beaktas i körcykelsimuleringen. Körcykelsimuleringen verifieras genom att beräkna energibalansen som jämförs med experimentella testresultat utförda på väg. För laddningssimuleringen används MATLAB för att analysera laddningsförlusten med olika batteripaket och laddningshastigheter. Resultaten visas med Sankey diagram och andra illustrativa verktyg. Simuleringsresultaten visar att batteripaketets användbara energi är tillräckligt för att lastbilen ska kunna slutföra den planerade körcykeln. Den största förlusten i drivlinan är kopplat till the Power Electronic Converter (PEC) och den elektriska maskinen. För att öka räckvidden och minska energiförlusten är det ett effektivt sätt att en använda PEC och en elektrisk maskin med högre effektivitet. För laddningssimuleringen kan den nuvarande stationen med Combined Charging System (CCS) standard ladda batteriladdaren med tillräcklig spänning och med rimlig laddningstid. Huvudförlusten under laddningen kommer från laddstationen.