Section 1: Introduction, Section 2: Physical Features, Section 3: Biological Resources, Section 4: Social/Economic Characteristics, Section 5: Important Resources, Section 6: Watershed Classification, Section 7: Watershed Management, Section 8: Local Watershed Planning, Section 9: Key Elements, Appendix A: Table 1, Appendix B: Suggested Readings, Appendix C: RUSLE, Appendix D: AGWA

The Santa Cruz valley in Arizona is a rapidly urbanizing area. Complaints by residents of the area about pest mosquitoes prompted the investigation of mosquito breeding sources and a search for management techniques that would reduce mosquito populations. Many types of mosquito breeding sites were found in the area, and eight species of mosquitoes were identified. The greatest source of mosquitoes was a 2400 hectare irrigated pecan orchard. The most numerous and annoying mosquitoes were Aedes vexans (Meigen) and Psorophora columbiae (Dyar and Knab). The orchard is irrigated ca. every two weeks from April through October by flooding level areas, called borders, between rows of trees. Mosquitoes hatched with every irrigation studied, from April through September, but reached annoying numbers from late April through mid-September. A. vexans was the dominant species in early spring and P. columbiae was dominant in summer. Highest populations were reached coincident with the summer rainy season in July and August. Tests were performed to determine the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.i.) as an additive to irrigation water for control of mosquito larvae. The larvicidal material was effective at all concentrations from .586 to 2.344 l/ha and with all techniques used. The most cost-effective application technique was to use fertilizer tanks to drip a mixture of B.t.i. into irrigation water in ditches before the water ran into fields. The general rate of three parts larvicide per million parts irrigation water was found to be effective, especially when supplemented with a spray of one part larvicide to 64 parts water applied to the ends of borders two to three days following irrigation. An increase in larvicide concentration was found to be necessary during the peak of mosquito season. A successful management program was developed and applied for 1 year, during which no mosquito complaints were made by citizens, the population of mosquitoes in the orchard was reduced to a point where farm laborers were no longer annoyed, and farm managers were satisfied that the program was cost effective.

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Submitted by Danielle Karla Martins Silva (danielle.martins@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-11T18:35:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 FANS.pdf: 5253255 bytes, checksum: 59cc2dc59ad099c8e06ad828afd20d40 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-11T18:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 FANS.pdf: 5253255 bytes, checksum: 59cc2dc59ad099c8e06ad828afd20d40 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CNPq / A área em estudo está localizada no município de Goiana, litoral Norte do Estado de Pernambuco, compreendida entre as coordenadas 7º41’36’’S / 7º48’54’’S e 34º49’20’’W / 34º53’18’’W. O Canal de Santa Cruz separa a ilha de Itamaracá e o Continente e é através da desembocadura da Barra de Catuama que se dá a penetração da água oceânica no canal. Este trabalho teve por objetivo diagnosticar as feições sedimentológicas e hidrodinâmicas que recobrem a desembocadura norte deste canal, para tanto foram realizadas análises para identificação das fácies texturais e cálculos de parâmetros estatísticos e análise multivariada para a caracterização dos sedimentos e do ambiente deposicional; avaliação das porcentagens de matéria orgânica e análise da correntometria para verificar qual a dinâmica ali existente. As amostras evidenciam a dominância da fácies areia, com predominância da granulação média, fina e muito fina, esta última domina mais de 30% das amostras analisadas e estão posicionadas entre os meandros dos rios Catuama e Carrapicho. A maioria desses sedimentos encontra-se moderadamente a pobremente selecionados, com grau de assimetria muito negativa e distribuição de mesocúrtica a leptocúrtica, indicando um nível crescente de energia, em conseqüência da influência de correntes fluviais e deriva de maré. Entretanto os sedimentos platicúrticos também são relevantes evidenciando uma maior mistura em função das diferentes direções de fluxos atuantes. A proporção de matéria orgânica foi encontrada em todos os tipos de sedimentos analisados, sua quantidade dependeu da granodecrescência dos mesmos. A correntometria indicou padrões de circulação na mesma direção do sentido das correntes e a irregularidade na profundidade do canal influenciou neste resultado. Quanto à hidrodinâmica que ocorre na parte norte do complexo estuarino do canal de Santa Cruz observou-se um acréscimo de energia na desembocadura norte do canal enquanto que na margem direita do Rio Catuama e na margem esquerda do rio Carrapicho, que fazem confluência com o canal, verificou a predominância de uma baixa hidrodinâmica.

El vino chileno ha alcanzado un lugar destacado dentro de la industria vitivinícola internacional. Se ha destacado con productos de calidad y más que nada por su excelente relación precio-calidad. Los factores climáticos y geográficos han sido claves para la producción de vides de calidad mundial, junto con la apuesta de empresarios por apoyar el rubro e invertir en él. El desarrollo que ha evidenciado la industria se ha visto influenciado netamente por los aportes tecnológicos introducidos a los procesos. Esto se ha manifestado en los aumentos de las exportaciones, plantaciones y producción de vino, como así también en la calidad de los vinos producidos en el país. La alta competitividad del mercado vitivinícola, a nivel nacional y mundial, obliga a los empresarios a desarrollar la industria y mantenerse al día con las tecnologías desarrolladas. Es así como las viñas emergentes se han ido agrupando en asociaciones, como Chilevid, Chilevinos, Viñas de Colchagua SA, y otras, para así estar comprometidos con el desarrollo y difusión del vino, considerando las exigencias establecidas por el mercado internacional y la competencia nacional.

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Durante el mes de Julio del 2004, se realizó una encuesta a 160 familias criadoras de cuyes, con el objetivo de caracterizar los sistemas de producción de cuyes existentes en 11 caseríos del distrito de Santa Cruz, situado a 210 km al noroeste de la ciudad de Cajamarca. Sobre los encuestados, encontramos que, el rango de edad predominante de las esposas es de 31 a 50 años (42%) y que la mayoría de los esposos superan los 50 años de edad (44,6%). El grado de instrucción predominante es el de primaria. La ocupación principal del jefe de familia es la agricultura (95,4%) y de la esposa el de ama de casa (97,2%). La crianza de cuyes es conducida principalmente por el ama de casa y bajo un sistema familiar o tradicional. Se encontró un promedio de 20,39 cuyes por familia. Los cuyes son criados en un sólo grupo sin distinción de clase, sexo y edad; de preferencia en la cocina (88,8%), en donde permanecen sueltos (73,8%), en pozas (21,9%), corrales (3,1%) o jaulas (1,2%). La alimentación se basa en forrajes, malezas y residuos de cocina. Las principales enfermedades reportadas son los ectoparásitos (90,1%) y la “peste” (76%). El 71,2% de las familias destina los cuyes para autoconsumo y venta, y el 28,2 % sólo para autoconsumo. Según el 96,2% de los encuestados, no disponen de servicios como asistencia técnica, créditos, insumos, etc. El 67,5% de los criadores considera que con asistencia técnica mejorarían su crianza. A través de una crianza de cuyes tecnificada, alcanzaríamos índices productivos superiores y así podríamos mejorar el nivel de vida del poblador de Santa Cruz. / During the month of July 2004, a survey of 160 families of guinea pig breeders, with the aim of characterizing the production systems of guinea pigs in 11 villages in the district of Santa Cruz, located at 210 km northwest of the city of Cajamarca. Among the people who answered the survey, we found that the predominant age range of the wives is 31 to 50 years (42%) and most of the spouses exceed the age of 50 years (44,6%). The level of instruction is predominantly primary. The main occupation of the head of the family is agriculture (95,4%) and the wife of a housewife (97,2%). Raising guinea pigs is mainly driven by the housewife and under a family or traditional system. We found an average of 20,39 guinea pigs in each family. The guinea pigs are raised in a single group regardless of class, gender and age, preferably in the kitchen (88,8%), which are free (73,8%), in pools (21,9%), yards (3,1%) or cages (1,2%). The food is based on forages, weeds and kitchen waste. The main diseases reported are ectoparasites (90,1%) and the "plague" (76%). 71,2% of guinea pigs production is for consumption and sale, and only 28,2% for consumption. According to 96,2% of people who answered the survey they do not have services such as technical assistance, credit, inputs, etc. 67,5% of farmers believed that technical assistance would improve their work. Through a breeding of guinea pigs tech reach higher production levels and thus could improve the living standards of the residents of Santa Cruz.