Africa’s rapid adoption of the mobile phone is quickly closing the digital divide in voice services. But, just as one divide is closing, another one is widening. Consumers almost everywhere are demanding more services and higher Internet access data rates. In the developing world the knowledge gained through access to information is creating unprecedented opportunities and is having a dramatic impact on the way people live and work. Africa, however, has been largely left behind in the shift to broadband. Increasing the availability and affordability of broadband services is thus high on the agenda for policy makers in Africa, though it will require major efforts from both government and the private sector. Fundamental to the all efforts to close the “digital divide” is the need to provide a ubiquitous and affordable access network that will enable distribution of broadband services to anywhere, and anytime throughout Africa. While many kinds of broadband services are being offered to the African population, the currently available services have failed to reach the majority of Africans living in rural areas. This poses a very pertinent question that justifies further investigations: why have the existing broadband services failed to satisfy Africa’s need for a ubiquitous digital communication service. The lack of penetration of the existing services makes it clear that a different technology and service offering is needed, a service offering that is affordable to the large consumer market segment and which can complement the mobile and ADSL broadband networks to provide services to all of Africa on a cost effective basis. This research work investigates the current business and technology domains and develops new knowledge and the insights that are required firstly to understand why existing broadband services are failing to reach rural Africa and secondly to understand what criteria must be satisfied to deliver broadband access services to the mass consumer Africa market. The research work focuses on the interrelationships between markets, technology and business of the consumer broadband market and defines new thinking as reference to provide guidance to the future development of more suitable broadband offerings for the rural African market. The study centres around three principal areas of knowledge contribution. Analysis of the primary factors impacting the delivery of broadband services Firstly the study addresses the current market dynamics and technology realities to determine two critical aspects: 1) Can the mass market afford broadband services or will it remain the privilege of the higher income groups? And, 2) Can existing mobile broadband , ADSL and satellite access services meet the demands to service the mass market or is an alternative technology option required? Through analytical review the study determined that there is a large, and growing, middle class market that can afford broadband access services. This market sector is quantified in terms of consumer income levels and demographic user data. The study formulates the commercial and service criteria applicable to a broadband access service on servicing this target market. The study further investigates the availability, affordability and market penetration of the current mobile and ADSL broadband services and found that the available service options cannot effectively meet the current and future demand. The limitation in meeting the current market demand leads to a large under serviced consumer market in Africa. The study proposes a unique approach to quantify the specific under-serviced gap, which will not be met by currently available broadband technologies. The technology comparative study provides new insight into the limitations of mobile 3G broadband services and why this technology will not be able to meet the future demand for consumer broadband services in Africa. The technology study furthermore quantifies the advantages of using satellite technology to implement a mass consumer broadband service in Africa. The study proves that the ubiquitous nature and rapid deployment capabilities of satellite access networks provides distinct benefits when deploying a mass consumer network which makes satellite the technology of choice for consumer broadband services. We then continue to assess the ability of existing satellite broadband offerings to satisfy the needs of African end-users, and find that those offerings have been optimized for the needs and affordability levels of customers from the develop world. The result is that satellite broadband services aimed at the African end-user is primarily used by corporate and institutional customers, with little penetration of the consumer market. This finding provides the motivation for developing a business model that can leverage available technology to effectively service the African consumer market. Innovation of new concepts to support a viable broadband business strategy The mobile prepay model as well as the DStv pay-TV subscription services have demonstrated the need for a specific business innovation to ensure successful market adoption of new technologies. Both these industries have demonstrated that innovative approaches in the commercialization of technology solutions are critical to ensure the mass adoption thereof. The second section of the study therefore focuses on the innovations that are required to overcome the obstacles as identified in section 1 in order to arrive at a business strategy and business model that will prove to be viable in the delivery of broadband services to the rural African consumer market. The first challenge is the selection of the most appropriate technology platforms and the architectural design of the delivery systems to effectively service the mass consumer market. In order to adapt the business models employed by existing satellite broadband service providers the study defines the following two specific business innovation concepts that contribute to a new business paradigm for mass market broadband access services: 1) Through applied billing model innovation the study defines a new billing structure for broadband services and set a completely new paradigm for users to influence the cost of the service. The new billing model provides end-user the capability to adapt their broadband usage patterns to meet their budget constraints. 2) To successfully deliver a technology service to an emerging market requires a very specific organisational structure that effectively integrates knowledge, capability and funding while minimizing risk and uncertainty. The study proposes a new symbiotic organisational structure that elegantly combines capability and knowledge while minimizing funding requirements to ensure the acceptable market development risk. Development of a business model simulator for satellite broadband service delivery The deployment of a new type of satellite broadband service to rural Africa on an experimental basis is too expensive to be conducted for research purposes. A more practical approach that is also widely used in other domains of engineering is to construct a simulated model of the system being studied. The third knowledge contribution area of the study therefore focuses on constructing a mathematical model of the expected behavior of a business operation that provides satellite based broadband services to the African market. This simulator can be applied to quantitatively analyze various existing or proposed new business strategies. The business model simulation integrates all the business, market, technology and commercial relationships that impacts on the expected behavior of such an operation and provides a quantified model of expected business behavior based on the underlying dynamics of the satellite broadband industry. The development and validation of the business model simulator represents a unique contribution to this industry as no results of a similar model that represents the operations of a satellite broadband access service provider has been published before. The model empowers Service Providers and industry stakeholders to analyze different business strategies and to quantify the impact of various business decisions. In general it can be stated that this research work adds knowledge and insight to the field of applied business strategy as applicable to providing advanced technology-based services for emerging markets. The final outcome of this research study is the business model simulator. It integrates various market and business elements as well as satellite network engineering practises into an integrated financial cost modelling, business scenario planning and engineering network design tool. Through this integration of known disciplines the study provides an additional extension to the field of satellite business engineering. / PhD (Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Africa’s rapid adoption of the mobile phone is quickly closing the digital divide in voice services. But, just as one divide is closing, another one is widening. Consumers almost everywhere are demanding more services and higher Internet access data rates. In the developing world the knowledge gained through access to information is creating unprecedented opportunities and is having a dramatic impact on the way people live and work. Africa, however, has been largely left behind in the shift to broadband. Increasing the availability and affordability of broadband services is thus high on the agenda for policy makers in Africa, though it will require major efforts from both government and the private sector. Fundamental to the all efforts to close the “digital divide” is the need to provide a ubiquitous and affordable access network that will enable distribution of broadband services to anywhere, and anytime throughout Africa. While many kinds of broadband services are being offered to the African population, the currently available services have failed to reach the majority of Africans living in rural areas. This poses a very pertinent question that justifies further investigations: why have the existing broadband services failed to satisfy Africa’s need for a ubiquitous digital communication service. The lack of penetration of the existing services makes it clear that a different technology and service offering is needed, a service offering that is affordable to the large consumer market segment and which can complement the mobile and ADSL broadband networks to provide services to all of Africa on a cost effective basis. This research work investigates the current business and technology domains and develops new knowledge and the insights that are required firstly to understand why existing broadband services are failing to reach rural Africa and secondly to understand what criteria must be satisfied to deliver broadband access services to the mass consumer Africa market. The research work focuses on the interrelationships between markets, technology and business of the consumer broadband market and defines new thinking as reference to provide guidance to the future development of more suitable broadband offerings for the rural African market. The study centres around three principal areas of knowledge contribution. Analysis of the primary factors impacting the delivery of broadband services Firstly the study addresses the current market dynamics and technology realities to determine two critical aspects: 1) Can the mass market afford broadband services or will it remain the privilege of the higher income groups? And, 2) Can existing mobile broadband , ADSL and satellite access services meet the demands to service the mass market or is an alternative technology option required? Through analytical review the study determined that there is a large, and growing, middle class market that can afford broadband access services. This market sector is quantified in terms of consumer income levels and demographic user data. The study formulates the commercial and service criteria applicable to a broadband access service on servicing this target market. The study further investigates the availability, affordability and market penetration of the current mobile and ADSL broadband services and found that the available service options cannot effectively meet the current and future demand. The limitation in meeting the current market demand leads to a large under serviced consumer market in Africa. The study proposes a unique approach to quantify the specific under-serviced gap, which will not be met by currently available broadband technologies. The technology comparative study provides new insight into the limitations of mobile 3G broadband services and why this technology will not be able to meet the future demand for consumer broadband services in Africa. The technology study furthermore quantifies the advantages of using satellite technology to implement a mass consumer broadband service in Africa. The study proves that the ubiquitous nature and rapid deployment capabilities of satellite access networks provides distinct benefits when deploying a mass consumer network which makes satellite the technology of choice for consumer broadband services. We then continue to assess the ability of existing satellite broadband offerings to satisfy the needs of African end-users, and find that those offerings have been optimized for the needs and affordability levels of customers from the develop world. The result is that satellite broadband services aimed at the African end-user is primarily used by corporate and institutional customers, with little penetration of the consumer market. This finding provides the motivation for developing a business model that can leverage available technology to effectively service the African consumer market. Innovation of new concepts to support a viable broadband business strategy The mobile prepay model as well as the DStv pay-TV subscription services have demonstrated the need for a specific business innovation to ensure successful market adoption of new technologies. Both these industries have demonstrated that innovative approaches in the commercialization of technology solutions are critical to ensure the mass adoption thereof. The second section of the study therefore focuses on the innovations that are required to overcome the obstacles as identified in section 1 in order to arrive at a business strategy and business model that will prove to be viable in the delivery of broadband services to the rural African consumer market. The first challenge is the selection of the most appropriate technology platforms and the architectural design of the delivery systems to effectively service the mass consumer market. In order to adapt the business models employed by existing satellite broadband service providers the study defines the following two specific business innovation concepts that contribute to a new business paradigm for mass market broadband access services: 1) Through applied billing model innovation the study defines a new billing structure for broadband services and set a completely new paradigm for users to influence the cost of the service. The new billing model provides end-user the capability to adapt their broadband usage patterns to meet their budget constraints. 2) To successfully deliver a technology service to an emerging market requires a very specific organisational structure that effectively integrates knowledge, capability and funding while minimizing risk and uncertainty. The study proposes a new symbiotic organisational structure that elegantly combines capability and knowledge while minimizing funding requirements to ensure the acceptable market development risk. Development of a business model simulator for satellite broadband service delivery The deployment of a new type of satellite broadband service to rural Africa on an experimental basis is too expensive to be conducted for research purposes. A more practical approach that is also widely used in other domains of engineering is to construct a simulated model of the system being studied. The third knowledge contribution area of the study therefore focuses on constructing a mathematical model of the expected behavior of a business operation that provides satellite based broadband services to the African market. This simulator can be applied to quantitatively analyze various existing or proposed new business strategies. The business model simulation integrates all the business, market, technology and commercial relationships that impacts on the expected behavior of such an operation and provides a quantified model of expected business behavior based on the underlying dynamics of the satellite broadband industry. The development and validation of the business model simulator represents a unique contribution to this industry as no results of a similar model that represents the operations of a satellite broadband access service provider has been published before. The model empowers Service Providers and industry stakeholders to analyze different business strategies and to quantify the impact of various business decisions. In general it can be stated that this research work adds knowledge and insight to the field of applied business strategy as applicable to providing advanced technology-based services for emerging markets. The final outcome of this research study is the business model simulator. It integrates various market and business elements as well as satellite network engineering practises into an integrated financial cost modelling, business scenario planning and engineering network design tool. Through this integration of known disciplines the study provides an additional extension to the field of satellite business engineering. / PhD (Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

AABBSSTTRRAACCTT TTiitteell:: Use and selection of monitoring system in special physical training of Army of the Czech Republic GGooaallss:: The goal of this thesis is to give a complex, integrated and comprehensive overview about functional options and effective utilization of Monitoring System in selected areas of special physical training of Czech Army. MMeetthhooddss:: Study, analysis, synthesis and comparison of published findings of professionals from the fields of Geography, Geodesy and Special Physical Training were used in this thesis. Secondary research consisted of interviews with experts on mentioned areas and disciplines. RReessuullttss:: The main subject of this work is the utilization of Monitoring System in special physical training process. Usage of MS in selected areas of special physical training will result in effective support in terms of planning, safety and overall evaluation of its individual parts. KKeeyy wwoorrddss:: GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) GPS (Global Positioning System) GIS (Geographic Information System) Special physical training Load Monitoring system Date

Les travaux de cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le contexte des réseaux sans fil et des réseaux d'accès par Satellite en particulier, qui facilitent l'installation d'infrastructures réseau dans les zones géographiquement reculées et faiblement peuplées. Cependant, ces derniers présentent certains inconvénients lorsqu'il s'agit de déployer des applications multimédia interactives. En effet, de telles applications requièrent un délai de bout en bout aussi faible que possible et plus généralement exigent une meilleure Qualité de Service (QdS) du système de communication que le classique Meilleur-Effort (BE) afin de fonctionner correctement. Or, les réseaux d'accès par satellite géostationnaires souffrent déjà d'un délai de propagation non négligeable d'autant plus accru que la transmission des données est assurée par des mécanismes d'allocation dynamique, par exemple dans un système DVB-S2/RCS. Dans ces travaux de thèse, nous proposons d'utiliser les informations de signalisation de session des applications multimédia basées sur le protocole de session SIP afin d'ajuster le paramétrage du système de communication selon une approche " cross-layer " qui permet alors d'améliorer de façon significative la réactivité du système. Nous avons proposé plusieurs solutions pour, d'abord réduire le temps entre la demande de communication et le démarrage effectif du transfert des flux multimédia, ensuite réduire le délai de transmission des données multimédia durant la communication (tout en utilisant de manière optimale les ressources réseau disponibles sur la voie retour), et enfin accroître le nombre de flux multimédia admissibles dans le réseau satellite tout en leur garantissant un niveau de QdS satisfaisant. Afin de faciliter l'intégration et l'implémentation des solutions proposées dans un système de communication réel, un mécanisme de communication inter-couches d'optimisation est proposé et développé. De plus, une architecture orientée web services est utilisée afin de faciliter la découverte et l'invocation des différentes niveaux de services de communication présents dans de tels réseaux d'accès. Les solutions proposées ont été évaluées dans des environnements sans fil émulés et réels

The accuracy appraisal and its evaluation with what the results of geodetic work are being achieved will be shown in this graduation thesis. As well as the related legislation and economic point of view of the price setting in comparison to other geodetic companies. One of the major surveyed area is testing of the used instruments - confrontation of achieved values with the values stated by manufacturer, accuracy analysis of the used methods and allignment of independent measurements of equal magnitude.

The master´s thesis deals with the application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in photogrammetry and mapping. The first part describes the UAV that was used for imaging, legislative restrictions resulting from its operations, planning and realization of the flight. The second part of this thesis is focused on processing results, especially on evaluation the accuracy of the results gained by UAV with and without a GNSS module. The data are evaluated in the 3rd accuracy rating class (ČSN 01 3410). The theoretical principles are explained as well. The main aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the effective use of the GNSS module Emlid Reach and the unmanned aerial vehicle in geodesy.

The main fokus of this D thesis consists in the creating of horizontal points in Lešná village that is closed to Valašské Meziříčí, part Vysoká. Sixty five points of horizontal control (PPBP) were located and set in Vysoká. The network adjustment was done with the help of the method of lest squares and coordinates were counted with the G-NET/Mini programme.

The Aim of this master`s thesis was creation of a digital cadastral map in the part of cadastre unit Vilantice, in Chotěborky. There is an analog cadastral map scale 1:2 880 in the cadastre unit Vilantice currently. Review and completion of the positional point field was done by technology of global navigation satellite system and terrestrial methods. Result of this master`s thesis were the documentation of the review and completion of the positional point field, mapping sketches and vector file of a digital cadastral map.

No description available.

Trains are constrained to the railway tracks they operate on. This can be leveraged for absolute train positioning, where a train’s position can be mapped onto a digital track map (DTM). Extensive research has been dedicated to enhancing the accuracy of DTMs. However, certain practical applications necessitate compact DTMs that can be processed and transferred in real-time, thereby introducing a trade-off between accuracy and memory requirements. This study focuses on data reduction techniques for generating compact DTMs, presenting three distinct methods. Equidistantly sampled Cartesian coordinates are the input to all three methods as they employ different approaches: the linear method simplifies the polygonal chain that connects the coordinates, the spline method utilises smoothing B-splines for interpolation, and the geometric method interpolates the coordinates with a cubic spline and analyse the curvature to identify track segments and describe them geometrically. The performance of these methods is evaluated by their compactness in terms of the number of data fields needed, accuracy in representing track length, and the perpendicular distances between the ground truth track and the generated DTM. The compact DTM generation techniques are applied to three evaluation tracks specifically generated for this study, as well as two existing tracks in the Swedish railway network, each with distinct complexities and characteristics. On the evaluation tracks, the geometrical DTM excels when accuracy is prioritised. As greater perpendicular deviations are tolerated, the smoothed spline DTM method outperforms the other techniques in terms of compactness. The linear DTM method is superior when even greater perpendicular deviations are tolerated. On the existing tracks, the linear DTM method is outperforming the other methods in both accuracy and compactness, presumably because of limitations with the used data set. In conclusion, the choice of technique for generating compact DTMs depends on multiple factors, including the characteristics of the track and the desired level of accuracy. / Tåg är bundna till de järnvägsspår de trafikerar. Detta innebär att tågets digitala position kan förfinas genom att knyta tågets sensorinformation till en position på en digital spårkarta. Tidigare forskning har fokuserat på att förbättra precisionen i digitala spårkartor. Eftersom en del praktiska användningsområden av digitala spårkartor kräver att kartan är kompakt för att kunna bearbetas och överföras i realtid, uppstår en avvägning mellan precision och minneskrav. Denna studie fokuserar således på olika tekniker för datareduktion som kan användas för att generera kompakta spårkartor. Tre metoder tillämpas som alla använder samplade koordinater längs med järnvägsspåret som indata. Den linjära metoden förenklar det polygontåg som förbinder koordinaterna. I spline-metoden används utjämnande splines för att interpolera koordinaterna. Den geometriska metoden interpolerar koordinaterna med en kubisk spline och använder kurvaturen i splinen för att identifiera spårsegment och beskriva dessa geometriskt. De tre metoderna utvärderas och jämförs utifrån en analys avseende kompakthet, avvikelse från järnvägsspårets egentliga längd samt genom att mäta de vinkelräta avstånden mellan det riktiga spåret och spåret i den digitala spårkartan. Tre tågspår har skapats syntetiskt för att utvärdera de tre metoderna. Dessutom har två tågsträckor längs med Kinnekullebanan och Södra stambanan valts ut. Analysen visade att den geometriska spårkartan var mest kompakt på de syntetiska tågspåren när precision prioriterades högst. När kraven på precision minskades var spline-kartan mest kompakt på de syntetiska spåren. Däremot var den linjära metoden mest kompakt när kompakthet prioriterades över precision. Den linjära metoden var dominant med avseende på både precision och kompakthet på Kinnekullebanan och Södra stambanan, troligtvis på grund av begränsningar med den data över järnvägen som använts. Slutsatsen från denna studie är att valet av teknik för att generera kompakta spårkartor beror på flera faktorer, inklusive järnvägsspårets egenskaper och krav på precision.