The presented thesis aims to approach the development of sawmills and mills in the political district of Čadca in the period between 1918 (the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic) and 1950 (the closure of most companies). The object of the research is primary water-powered devices, but in a broader context also companies with other forms of propulsion. The work describes their technical development, the process of their modernization, technology transfer. At the same time, it examines the impact of natural and economic conditions on these forms of business in the period under review. Finally, it also aims to map the objects of former sawmills and mills. The information obtained in this way is intended to supplement the inputs from archival research, especially in the issue of the technical equipment of individual plants. Source work draws on map materials I. II. and III. military survey and documents stored in the Čadca archive, a branch of the State Archives in Žilina.

The Drakensberg range is the highest landscape zone in southern Africa, is a World Heritage site and an important source of surface runoff. General climatic evaluations covering the area, however, date from the 1970’s. Remarkably, few contemporary studies detail rainfall attributes and limited surface-climate data has been collected describing the sub-periglacial summit regions. This thesis presents an evaluation of rainfall and surface-temperature attributes in the mountains and, where possible, related geomorphic implications are described. The assessment is partly based on analysis of historical rainfall data measured by the South African Weather Services during the 20thCentury, and partly on new rainfall, air and soil temperature data collected by the author over a five year period. Historical rainfall records show, when a spatial approach is taken, that altitude and distance from the escarpment eastward influence annual rainfall totals. Latitude plays no significant role in influencing rainfall totals, but is the single important factor influencing inter- and intra-annual rainfall variability. Rainfall variability increases from the southern Drakensberg to the north where important water transfer schemes operate. When a temporal approach is taken, historical records indicate no change in mean annual rainfall during the last half of the 20th century. Intra-annual rainfall variability has increased and this is illustrated by a statistically significant decrease of rainfall during the autumn season. A contemporaneous as well as a lagged correlation exists between the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and summer rainfall in the Drakensberg. An increase in the frequency and intensity of ENSO should decrease summer rainfall and the lagged correlation could be used for summer rainfall forecasting. Using temporary field stations, analysis of rainfall and air, soil and rock temperatures contribute to an improved understanding of the characteristics and structure of rainfall events, surface conditions and effect on rock weathering and soil erosional processes. With respect to rainfall attributes, totals recorded on the escarpment summit are considerably less than anticipated. Individual erosive storm events at all altitudes are found to have the ability to detach soil, but at high altitude less rain falls as erosive storms, and the total erosivity generated by rainfall events is less on the escarpment than in the foothills. Five-minute intensity data indicate that extreme rainfall events generate peak rainfall intensity, within the first half of the storm duration. Mean annual air temperature (MAAT) measured on the escarpment falls within the range previously estimated, but is higher than the MAAT suggested by other authors for the plateau peaks behind the escarpment. No long-duration, or seasonal freeze was found on the soil surface and soil temperatures are generally higher than air temperatures. Rock temperature and rainfall frequency recorded below the escarpment imply an environment conducive to rock weathering processes such as wetting and drying and thermal fatigue with the possibility of frost action. Contrasting air, rock and soil surface temperatures measured in the Drakensberg, emphasises the dissimilarity in micro-environmental conditions experienced by different natural mediums in the landscape. Overall, the data confirm the marginal-periglacial nature of the summit region but earlier estimates for rainfall totals at the escarpment appear to be notably high. Extrapolation towards, for example, palaeo-precipitation scenarios using earlier estimates, should thus be made with caution. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / PhD / Unrestricted

Submitted by JOÃO VITOR PAULO TESTA (joaovitorpt@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-24T12:01:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese João Vitor (ver final).pdf: 2811264 bytes, checksum: 922cf0b6a3c8f1b4e633920bdd5b2278 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-06-25T12:02:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 testa_jvp_dr_botfca.pdf: 2833612 bytes, checksum: 106fd274023e8ef6aab68d5887499346 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T12:02:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 testa_jvp_dr_botfca.pdf: 2833612 bytes, checksum: 106fd274023e8ef6aab68d5887499346 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na colheita mecanizada tradicional de cana-de-açúcar, o corte basal dos colmos é realizado por impacto; esse sistema é eficaz, porém, durante o processo de corte ocorrem danos ao material colhido e as soqueiras. Nesse contexto, foi proposto um novo sistema de corte, as serras, que realizam o corte basal da cana-de-açúcar de forma contínua, com a finalidade de diminuir os danos causados durante a colheita e podem ser utilizados nas colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar atuais sem grandes modificações. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar comparativamente, no campo e no laboratório, o sistema de corte basal contínua, as serras, com a convencional, as facas, através da eficiência energética, desempenho operacional e qualidade de trabalho. Para os ensaios de laboratório foi construído o dispositivo de ensaio de corte basal de cana-de-açúcar (DECCA), que realiza a ação do cortador de base das colhedoras nos colmos da cultura, sendo realizados três experimentos. No primeiro foi analisado o efeito de cinco velocidades de deslocamento (2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 km h-1) na qualidade de corte e perdas invisíveis de matéria prima industrializável, no segundo, a influência das mesmas velocidades sobre a força máxima de corte, e no terceiro, o efeito de três diâmetros de colmo (27, 30 e 33 mm) na força máxima de corte. No campo, para avaliar o desempenho das duas ferramentas de corte, foi realizado um experimento utilizando três áreas com características distintas, em que foram avaliados o desempenho operacional efetivo, consumo de combustível, perdas visíveis de matéria prima, qualidade do corte basal e qualidade da matéria-prima colhida. No ensaio de laboratório, no primeiro experimento, a serras apresentaram melhor índice de qualidade de corte nas velocidades de 3, 4 e 5 km h-1, qualidade similar as facas na velocidade de 6 km h-1 e qualidade inferior as facas em 2 km h-1, para as perdas matéria-prima, as serras apresentaram menor quantidade nas velocidades entre 2 e 4 km h-1 e as facas, nas velocidades de 5 e 6 km h-1, para o segundo experimento, as serras, em todas as velocidades ensaiadas, apresentaram força máxima de corte maior que as facas e a força máxima de corte diminuiu com o aumento da velocidade para os dois sistemas, no terceiro experimento, as serras apresentaram os maiores valores de força máxima de corte e a força aumentou com o aumento do diâmetro dos colmos cortados para os dois sistemas de corte. No ensaio de campo, para a capacidade operacional e eficiência energética não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os sistemas de corte, as diferenças ocorreram apenas entre as áreas ensaiadas; para as perdas visíveis de matéria-prima industrializável, as facas apresentaram o melhor desempenho, principalmente em áreas com maior dificuldade de colheita, para a qualidade de corte, tanto para os danos aos tocos como para o abalo de soqueira, as serras obtiveram melhor desempenho em todas as áreas ensaiadas, para a qualidade da matéria prima colhida, não ocorreram diferenças significativas entre sistemas de corte, sendo que as diferenças ocorreram apenas entre as áreas ensaiadas. / In the traditional mechanized harvest of sugar cane, the basecutting mechanism is carried out by impact, through the advance of two discs equipped with 5 knives each, that turn in convergent direction towards the row of the culture; this system is effective, however, occurs damage to the harvested product and the stump. In this context, a new cutting system was proposed, the saws, which perform the basecutting of the sugar cane in a continuous way, to reduce the damage caused during the harvest and can be used in sugarcane harvesters without major changes. The objective of this work was to evaluate, in the field and in the laboratory, the continuous basecutting system, the saws, with the conventional, the knives, through the energy efficiency, operational performance and quality of work. For the laboratory tests, the sugar cane basecutting test device (DECCA) was constructed, which performs the action of the of the harvesters on the stalks of sugar cane, and three experiments were carried out. In the first one, the effect of five displacement velocities (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 km h-1) on the cut quality and invisible losses of raw material, in the second, the influence of the same speeds on the maximum cutting force, and in the third, the effect of three stalks diameters (27, 30 and 33 mm) on maximum cutting force. In the field, to evaluate the performance of the two cutting tools, an experiment was carried out using three areas with distinct characteristics, in which the effective operational performance, fuel consumption, visible raw material losses, cut quality and harvested raw material quality. In the laboratory, in the first experiment, the saws presented a better cutting quality index at speeds of 3, 4 and 5 km h-1, similar quality of the knives at a speed of 6 km h-1 and inferior quality of the knives in 2 km h-1, for the invisible raw material losses, the saws presented a smaller quantity in the speeds between 2 and 4 km h-1 and the knives, at speeds of 5 and 6 km h-1, for the second experiment, at all speeds tested, presented maximum cutting force greater than the knives and the force decreased with increasing speed for the two systems, in the third experiment, the saws presented the highest values of maximum cutting force and the force increased with increasing diameter of the stalks for the two cutting systems. In the field test, for the operational capacity and energy efficiency no significant differences were observed between the cutting systems, the differences occurred only between the tested areas; for the visible losses of raw material, the knives presented the best performance, especially in areas with greater difficulty in harvesting, for cutting quality, in all the tested areas, the saws achieved better performance and for the quality of raw material harvested, there were no significant differences between cutting systems, and the differences occurred only between the tested areas.

Pieter Bruegel the Eider's paintings De verkeerde wereld, Het gevecht tussen Karnava/ en Vasten, Luilekker/and, Dulle Grief and Landschap, met Icarus' val are interpreted as sixteenth-century parodies using the paradoxia epidemica as a tropic means for interpreting the artist's wit, irony, parody and picaresque stance towards his source material and his milieu. Where applicable, other works relating to a particular argument are also discussed. As a result of this investigation, an original contribution has been made in the literature on both Bruegel and parody as a form of visual communication. / Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology / M.A. (History of Art)

Pieter Bruegel the Eider's paintings De verkeerde wereld, Het gevecht tussen Karnava/ en Vasten, Luilekker/and, Dulle Grief and Landschap, met Icarus' val are interpreted as sixteenth-century parodies using the paradoxia epidemica as a tropic means for interpreting the artist's wit, irony, parody and picaresque stance towards his source material and his milieu. Where applicable, other works relating to a particular argument are also discussed. As a result of this investigation, an original contribution has been made in the literature on both Bruegel and parody as a form of visual communication. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (History of Art)