Paderborn, Universiẗat, Diss., 1994. / Includes bibliographical references.

Manqala games are played in large parts of Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, South-America and some parts of Europe. Bao is the variation which is found on the East African coast, and only in the Swahili speaking areas. Ways of playing Bao though differ along the coast, and de Voogt focused his research on the sophisticated variant of Zanzibar. The author deals with this Zanzibar variation of Bao in analogy to chess. The first aim of his research project was to find out what distinguishes a master of Bao from an ordinary player. Psychological methods, derived from the study of chess playing are his main methodological instruments, which make the book a remarkable study in the psychology of players, and the role of memory and calculation. His second aim is to introduce Bao to the field of computer games, comparable to computer-based chess.

Manqala games are played in large parts of Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, South-America and some parts of Europe. Bao is the variation which is found on the East African coast, and only in the Swahili speaking areas. Ways of playing Bao though differ along the coast, and de Voogt focused his research on the sophisticated variant of Zanzibar. The author deals with this Zanzibar variation of Bao in analogy to chess. The first aim of his research project was to find out what distinguishes a master of Bao from an ordinary player. Psychological methods, derived from the study of chess playing are his main methodological instruments, which make the book a remarkable study in the psychology of players, and the role of memory and calculation. His second aim is to introduce Bao to the field of computer games, comparable to computer-based chess.

Theodor Fontane’s famous novel Effi Briest (1895) has been widely discussed in secondary literature, and every single aspect of the novel’s complex content and style seems to have been analysed; however, the similarities in content and style between Fontane’s Effi Briest and his less known and discussed work Schach von Wuthenow (1882) have not yet been recognized. A remarkable and meaningful similarity between the two regarding the content is the portrayal of a close relationship between mother and daughter which is strongly influenced by the latter’s relation to the mother’s (former) admirer. The relationship of Josephine von Carayon and her daughter Victoire and that of Luise von Briest and her daughter Effi will be compared by means of an analysis based on Michel Foucault’s theories on discourse, truth and power; in particular, the discourse of beauty, illness, honour and love will be closely examined. A method based on Foucault’s theories facilitates an analysis of the female protagonists’ actions that is free of moral implications for the protagonists are understood in their non-freedom of action owing to their discourse-constructed identity. Since the constellations of power in which the female protagonists are living cannot be analysed without the male protagonists’ influence, the constitution of Schach and Innstetten’s characters will be closely examined, too. The analysis of the discourse of beauty and illness shows that those disourses are portrayed as inseparably connected. In the society outlined by Fontane in Schach von Wuthenow, Victoire is made an outsider due to the pockmarks in her face; during the private conversation at Prince Louis’ castle, however, the prince calls Victoire a beauté du diable whose beauty is based on the survival of a fatal disease which has resulted in a passionate character. Innstetten, on the contrary, considers Effi to be particularly beautiful when she looks pale, lethargic and frail for he connects Effi’s ill appearance with his wife finally becoming a woman. Beauty, however, is exposed as a construct in both of Fontane’s works: on the one hand, by the (in itself) contradictory argumentations of the characters; on the other hand, by the narrators who criticize and disprove the prince’s idea of Victoire, which is temporarily accepted by Schach, and Innstetten’s connection of illness, beauty and femininity. The examination of the discourse of honour and love reaches the conclusion that both of Fontanes’s works portray honour as a construct with changing truth. In Schach von Wuthenow honour is exposed and critiziced mainly by Josephine, in Effi Briest mainly by Innstetten and Luise because these characters are aware of the identity-constructing quality of the demands made by society. Nevertheless, Innstetten submits his love for Effi to the claims by the disourse of honour; Luise, however, realizes in her love for Effi a part of her human essence. Luise’s love for her daughter is completely accepted since it is considered natural; thus it turns out to be beyond the demands of honour. Josephine also acknowledges the greater truth of parental love and retreats from her strong wish to live a life in harmony with society in favour of her daughter. By means of their female protagonists, Fontane’s story Schach von Wuthenow and his novel Effi Briest demand a re-evaluation of the discourse of love. Not the love between a man and a woman but the love of a mother for her daughter is portrayed as natural and is thus considered beyond any demands of the disourse of beauty and honour.

Theodor Fontane’s famous novel Effi Briest (1895) has been widely discussed in secondary literature, and every single aspect of the novel’s complex content and style seems to have been analysed; however, the similarities in content and style between Fontane’s Effi Briest and his less known and discussed work Schach von Wuthenow (1882) have not yet been recognized. A remarkable and meaningful similarity between the two regarding the content is the portrayal of a close relationship between mother and daughter which is strongly influenced by the latter’s relation to the mother’s (former) admirer. The relationship of Josephine von Carayon and her daughter Victoire and that of Luise von Briest and her daughter Effi will be compared by means of an analysis based on Michel Foucault’s theories on discourse, truth and power; in particular, the discourse of beauty, illness, honour and love will be closely examined. A method based on Foucault’s theories facilitates an analysis of the female protagonists’ actions that is free of moral implications for the protagonists are understood in their non-freedom of action owing to their discourse-constructed identity. Since the constellations of power in which the female protagonists are living cannot be analysed without the male protagonists’ influence, the constitution of Schach and Innstetten’s characters will be closely examined, too. The analysis of the discourse of beauty and illness shows that those disourses are portrayed as inseparably connected. In the society outlined by Fontane in Schach von Wuthenow, Victoire is made an outsider due to the pockmarks in her face; during the private conversation at Prince Louis’ castle, however, the prince calls Victoire a beauté du diable whose beauty is based on the survival of a fatal disease which has resulted in a passionate character. Innstetten, on the contrary, considers Effi to be particularly beautiful when she looks pale, lethargic and frail for he connects Effi’s ill appearance with his wife finally becoming a woman. Beauty, however, is exposed as a construct in both of Fontane’s works: on the one hand, by the (in itself) contradictory argumentations of the characters; on the other hand, by the narrators who criticize and disprove the prince’s idea of Victoire, which is temporarily accepted by Schach, and Innstetten’s connection of illness, beauty and femininity. The examination of the discourse of honour and love reaches the conclusion that both of Fontanes’s works portray honour as a construct with changing truth. In Schach von Wuthenow honour is exposed and critiziced mainly by Josephine, in Effi Briest mainly by Innstetten and Luise because these characters are aware of the identity-constructing quality of the demands made by society. Nevertheless, Innstetten submits his love for Effi to the claims by the disourse of honour; Luise, however, realizes in her love for Effi a part of her human essence. Luise’s love for her daughter is completely accepted since it is considered natural; thus it turns out to be beyond the demands of honour. Josephine also acknowledges the greater truth of parental love and retreats from her strong wish to live a life in harmony with society in favour of her daughter. By means of their female protagonists, Fontane’s story Schach von Wuthenow and his novel Effi Briest demand a re-evaluation of the discourse of love. Not the love between a man and a woman but the love of a mother for her daughter is portrayed as natural and is thus considered beyond any demands of the disourse of beauty and honour.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic autoimmune neurological disease. Its therapeutic management has drastically evolved in the recent years with the development of specific disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Together with the established injectables, oral and intravenous alternatives are now available for MS patients with significant benefits to modulate the disease course. Certain drugs present with a higher efficacy than the others, profiles and frequencies of adverse events differentiate as well. Thus due to the several and different treatment alternatives, the therapeutic approach adopted by neurologists requires a tactical focus for a targeted, timed, and meaningful treatment decision. An integration of rational and emotional control with proper communication skills is necessary for shared decision-making with patients. In this perspective paper, we reinforce the necessary concept of strategic MS treatment approach using all available therapies based on scientific evidence and current experience. We apply a didactic analogy to the strategic game chess. The opening with oriented attack (i.e. already in early disease stages as clinical isolated syndrome), a correct choice of chess pieces to move (i.e. among the several DMTs), a re-assessment reaction to different scenarios (e.g. sustained disease activity, adverse events, and family planning) and the advantage of real-world data are discussed to try the best approach to ultimately successfully approach the best personalized MS treatment.

Der lagerlose reluktante Rotations-Linear-Motor (BRLRM) ermöglicht die aktive Kontrolle eines schwebenden ferromagnetischen Rotors in allen 6 Bewegungs-Freiheitsgraden. Durch eine zweidimensionale Rotorverzahnung sind axiale Verschiebungen und Verdrehungen über beliebig lange Verfahrwege möglich. Es lassen sich zwei Verzahnungsarten unterscheiden, deren Krafterzeugung theoretisch modelliert und analysiert wird. Für eine Grundbauform aus zwei Statoren, deren gegenüberliegende Pole gleichartigen Versatz zur Rotorverzahnung aufweisen, erfolgt für beide Verzahnungsarten der Nachweis der Steuerbarkeit. Für den jeweiligen Fall ist eine Mindestanzahl an Polpaaren nötig. Die Versetzungen der Verzahnungen müssen Steuerbarkeitsbedingungen erfüllen. Die optimalen Versetzungsanordnungen, welche diese erfüllen, werden mit Hilfe eines speziell entwickelten Algorithmus ermittelt. Für ausgewählte Motorbauformen erfolgt eine Analyse der theoretisch erreichbaren Gesamtkräfte des Motors. Der Betrieb des BRLRM erfordert ein 6-Achs-Lagemesssystem, wofür eine differenzielle kapazitive Sensoranordnung und Auswerteelektronik entwickelt werden. Ein messtechnischer Nachweis zeigt, dass damit eine wirksame Unterdrückung von elektromagnetischen Störungen möglich ist. Für die Lageregelung wird eine einfache Struktur vorgestellt sowie ein effizienter Algorithmus zur Ermittlung der Sollströme entwickelt. Zu einer ausgewählten Motorbauform wird ein Versuchsstand entwickelt und aufgebaut. Durch analytische Betrachtungen, numerische Simulationen und Messungen erfolgt der Nachweis der Stabilität des Gesamtsystems. Mittels Simulationen sowie mit Messungen am Versuchsaufbau werden das dynamische Verhalten des BRLRM charakterisiert sowie einige theoretische Aspekte verifiziert. Ein Schwerpunkt ist die Betrachtung von Verkopplungseffekten aufgrund von Nichtlinearitäten und parasitären Effekten des Lagemesssystems. / The bearingless rotary linear reluctance motor (BRLRM) enables active control of a levitating ferromagnetic rotor in all 6 degrees of freedom of movement. Two-dimensional rotor toothing allows axial translation and rotation over any length of travel. Two types of toothing can be distinguished, and their force generation is theoretically modelled and analysed. For a basic design consisting of two stators, where the opposite poles have the same offset with respect to the rotor toothing, the controllability is verified for both types of toothing. A minimum number of pole pairs is required for each case. The offsets of the toothings must fulfil controllability conditions. The optimal offset arrangements that fulfil these conditions are determined using a specially developed algorithm. For several motor designs, an analysis of the theoretically achievable total forces of the motor is carried out. The operation of the BRLRM requires a 6-axis position measurement system, for which a differential capacitive sensor configuration and evaluation electronics are developed. A metrological proof shows that an effective suppression of electromagnetic disturbances is achieved. A simplified structure is presented for the position control and an efficient algorithm is developed for determining the setpoint currents. An experimental setup is constructed and built for a selected motor design. Analytical considerations, numerical simulations as well as measurements are used to prove the stability of the overall system. The dynamic behaviour of the BRLRM is characterised and some theoretical aspects are verified using simulations and measurements on the experimental setup. One focus is on the consideration of coupling effects due to non-linearities and parasitic effects of the position measurement system.