Trečdalis gyventojų kenčia dėl pavargusių ir sausų akių sindromo (Pečeliūnienė, 2006). Juos vargina jausmas, lyg į akis būtų pripilta smėlio ar žvyro, akis gali parausti arba atsiranda būdingas svetimkūnio bei diegimo, raižymo pojūtis, šviesos baimė. Rytais, tik atsimerkus, gali būti jaučiamas neilgalaikis aštrus skausmas ar padidėjęs ašarojimas bei akių nuovargis, matymo pablogėjimas, kontaktinių lęšių netoleravimas. Pusė patiriančiųjų pavargusių akių simptomus jų visai negydo. Nesiėmus reikiamų priemonių, tokiems žmonėms vėliau diagnozuojamas sausų akių sindromas (SAS). Ypač dažnai sausumas vargina pacientus, dėvinčius kontaktinius lęšius – ašarų turi pakakti dar ir lęšiui sudrėkinti. / One third of people suffer from tired and dry eye syndrome (Pečeliūnienė, 2006). They weary a feeling of eye full of sand or gravel, ache and cutting, fair of light, an eye can get red. In the mornings when eyes are just opened, there can be a short period of sharp ache or increased tearing and also eye tiredness, vision deterioration, intolerance of contact lenses. A half of people who suffer from eye tiredness, do not treat them at all. When taking no measures, a dry eye syndrome is later diagnosed (SAS). This very often appear to people with contact lenses - tear drops must be also enough for irrigating the lenses.

Ištyrėme dviems šimtams gyvūnų ašarų sekrecijos lygį 400 akių. Tiriamieji objektai – kliniškai sveiki įvairios rūšies, amžiaus, lyties, veislės ir įvairiomis akių ligomis sergantys gyvūnai (triušiai, kiaulės, karvės, arkliai, šunys, katės). Analizavome gyvūno rūšies, amžiaus, veislės, lyties, paros ir metų laikotarpių, bei akių ligų įtaką kiekybiniams ašarų sekrecijos rodikliams, taip pat narkozės įtaką ašarų sekrecijai bendrosios anestezijos protokole naudojant skirtingus bendruosius anestetikus. Darbo tikslas. Nustatyti kai kurių naminių gyvūnų kiekybinius ašarų liaukos sekrecijos rodiklius ir įvertinti kai kurių veiksnių įtaką jiems. Visiems gyvūnams atlikome bendrąjį klinikinį tyrimą ir išmatavome ašarų kiekį akyje Širmerio testu, rodančiu bendrąjį (bazinį ir refleksinį kartu) ašarų sekrecijos lygį, ašarų liaukų sekrecinį pajėgumą. Rezultatai ir išvados. Analizuodami tyrimo rezultatus nustatėme, kad gyvūno rūšis turi įtakos ašarų sekrecijos kiekybiniams parametrams: daugiausia ašarų sekretuoja arklių akių ašarų liaukos – 25,45 ± 1,04 mm/min. Nustatėme, kad gyvūnų lytis daro įtaką ašarų liaukų sekretuojamam ašarų kiekiui ir ji priklauso nuo gyvūno rūšies. Tirtų gyvūnų, išskyrus kates, ašarų sekrecija yra aktyvesnė dieną. Tirtų gyvūnų, išskyrus arklius, ašarų sekrecija yra aktyvesnė vasarą. Gyvūnų ašarų sekrecijos pajėgumas ženkliai sumažėja sergant akių ligomis: konjunktyvitu ir uveitu, o sergant katarakta ašarų sekrecijos pokyčiai yra nežymūs. Narkotizuotų kiaulių akyse... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / We examined two hundred animal tear secretion rate in 400 eyes. Subjects – various clinically healthy animal species, age, sex, breed, and animals with various eye diseases (rabbits, pigs, cows, horses, dogs, cats). We also analyzed animal specie, age, gender, time of a day, seasons influence as well as the influence to the tears secretion using different general anesthetics. Objective. Set some pet quantitative lacrimal gland secretion rates and assess the factors which influence them. We have done a general clinical examination and measurements of the amount of tears in the eyes for all animals using schirmer test, which shows a general (basic and reflex together) tear secretion level of the lacrimal secretion capacity. Results and conclusions. Analyzing the results we found that animal species affects the secretion of tears quantitative parameters. Most tears secrets horse eye lacrimal glands – 25,45 ± 1,04 mm / min. We found that animals sex affects the tear glands secretion quantity and it depends on the animal species. Of all analyzed animals except cats tear secretion is more active in day time. Of all analyzed animals except horses, tear secretion is more active in the summer. Animal tear secretion capacity is significantly reduced in patients with eye diseases: conjunctivitis and uveitis but patients with cataract tear secretion changes are minor. In narcotized pigs decreased excretion of tears in the eyes also anesthesia with double cocktail of thiopental –... [to full text]

Background/Aims: This study aimed to analyze the effects of perinatal history on tear film properties and lid geometry in adults born preterm. Methods: The Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study (GPES) is a German prospective examination of adults born preterm and term aged 18 to 52 years with Keratograph® 5M and Schirmer test I. Main outcome measures were first non-invasive tear film break-up time (F-NITBUT), bulbar redness (BR), Schirmer test, and nasal palpebral angle measurement. The associations with gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), and BW percentile, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), ROP treatment, and other perinatal factors were evaluated using regression analyses. Results: 489 eyes of 255 preterm and 277 eyes of 139 full-term individuals (aged 28.6 +/− 8.8 years, 220 females) were included. Of these, 33 participants (56 eyes) had a history of spontaneously regressed ROP and 9 participants (16 eyes) had a history of ROP treatment. After adjustment for age and sex, lower F-NITBUT (<20 s) was associated with ROP treatment (OR = 4.42; p = 0.025). Lower GA correlated with increased bulbar redness (B = −0.02; p = 0.011) and increased length of wetting in the Schirmer test (B = −0.69; p = 0.003). Furthermore, low GA was associated with narrowing of the nasal palpebral angle (B = 0.22; p = 0.011) adjusted for age and sex, but not when considering ROP in the multivariable model. Conclusion: Our analyses indicate that perinatal history affects ocular surface properties, tear production and lid geometry in adults born term and preterm. This might indicate that affected persons have a predisposition to diseases of the corneal surface such as the dry eye disease.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Dry eye disease (DED) is defined as a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface. It is accompanied by increased osmolality of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface. DED is one of the most frequently established diagnoses in ophthalmology and represents a growing public health concern, with consequences that remain widely underestimated. There is variability of clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria which leads to poor correlation between clinical signs and symptoms, therefore resulting in difficulties to assess prevalence of DED despite an improved understanding of pathogenic factors of acquired DED. However, its prevalence has been reported to range from 74% to 33% worldwide and the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of DED and its determinants amongst people consulting at Focus Optometrists in Kwa-Mhlanga Township in Mpumalanga Province. Methodology: The current study was quantitative in nature and it followed a cross-sectional descriptive design to address the research question. The study population were people consulting at Focus Optometrists in Kwa-Mhlanga Township in Mpumalanga Province in which two standardized optometry diagnostic tests (Schimer test and the tear film break up time) were used for data collection coupled with a comprehensive case history which was taken for all participants. Data analysis was done using the STATA statistical software version 12 for Windows (STATA Corporation, College Station, Texas). Frequency tables were used to make comparisons between groups for continuous and categorical variables using student t-test, and chi-square test. P-value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence level were regarded as significant. Results: A total of 236 participants were recruited and the mean age of the participants was 39.7 in which majority of participants were females and there was a statistical significance difference in age groups of both males and females at p-value=0.011. Majority of the participants have reported to have experience of sensitivity to light vi and foreign body sensation sometimes. The poor vision and blurred vision have been reported by majority of participants sometimes and the prevalence of dry eye disease was found to be 80.9% and the risk of the dry eye disease in the current study was found significantly increasing with old age. Those who were older (35 years above) were 4.2 times more likely to develop dry eye disease at p-value <0.001 as compared to young participants. Female gender was found not to be protective of developing dry eye disease in the current and participants who were single, having secondary and education qualifications were more likely to develop dry eye disease. Participants with ocular conditions, systemic disease, surgery and those with high blood pressure were more likely to develop dry disease Conclusion: The prevalence of dry eye disease in the current study was found to be very high and therefore, patients coming to the clinic from the age of 40 with underlying systemic diseases should be screened for dry eyes. Dry eye disease can be a major contributor of refractive error in the visual systems and or can also be a sign or a symptom of hormonal or related ocular or systemic disease. More eye care awareness should be done at primary eye care level to detect the cause or to eliminate future associated symptoms.