Thesis abstract Base on certain principal documents, this study focus on " Personality-type Theories of Scholars in Pre-Qin Dynasty ". There are three purposes in this work: First, discovering the prosperous thoughts of scholars in pre-Qin; and the second, providing the models of perfect persons for the modern people; the last, examining the ancient Chinese personality theories to compare those theories originated in western psychological concepts. This thesis divides eight chapters. The introduction explains respectively the motivation, hypothesis and the methodology. Those aspects focus on the advantages of the viewpoint of "philosophical study on man" and "the philosophical study on talent" in present China. The second chapter defines the "personality" and analyzes the personality types divided in western psychology. Depending on the definitions, we discuss about four personalities including the western psychological tendency, and synthesize the affiliation by comparison between the psychologist's biography and the personality theory, therefore we attends to discover the ideal personality which these psychologists expected. The third chapter discusses the personality types which the thinkers classify in Pre-Qin dynasty offering as elaborates following several chapters. From fourth to sixth chapter, we adopt the synchronic and diachronic approaches to interpret the scholars¡¦ texts about personality- type theories. Those contents are divided into three criteria: moral culture, spiritual self-restraint and the social achievement. In surmounting the boundary of nations/scholars, seventh chapter compares the theories personality types and its cultural development which reflected between western world and China. Finally the conclusion summarizes each chapter, also links up the history to manifest the influence of the classification in later generations. Furthermore, we draw the perspective for this study.

Using a corpus of twenty-four lectures drawn from The BASE corpus, this study is an analysis and inter-disciplinary comparison of the management of Intertextuality in the genre of the undergraduate lecture. Theorising Intertextuality as central within the discursive (re-)construction of disciplinary knowledge, the investigation of Intertextuality is viewed as the investigation of the discursively-mediated interaction(s) of a current lecturer with original knowledge-constituting discourses, and with their agents too, of an academic community. As there is no holistic and comprehensive methodology for assessing the management of Intertextuality in academic discourse both qualitatively and quantitatively, this study uses two further lectures to devise such a methodology. This involves segregating lecture discourse into consistent independent units and then coding each unit according both to its function in the discourse and the participant voice(s) behind it. Applying this comprehensive scheme shows that independent units in lecture discourse are classifiable under three broad functional areas, Intertextuality (units realising propositional input), Intratextuality (units realising the mechanics of text and discursive interaction), and Metatextuality (units realising unit-length evaluation of emerging discourse). These functional areas and the functions within them are manageable via different participant voice(s), the manifestations and pragmatic effects of which in discourse vary, meaning the management of Intertextuality can be assessed qualitatively and quantitatively using the coherent, consistent and data-driven coding scheme derived from these analyses. This methodology, applied qualitatively and quantitatively to the corpus, reveals management similarities broadly between Arts & Humanities and Social Sciences lectures, typically a dialogic management, and management differences broadly between these two groupings and Physical Sciences lectures, typically a monophonic management. These management choices are understood as both constituted by and as reconstitutive of the social and epistemological landscapes behind lectures, meaning the management of Intertextuality is viewed as the dominant influence in shaping disciplinary discourse.

This thesis studies Moenawar Chalil's reformist thought, as it was patterned after that of earlier reformists. Issues which have been long formed the heritage of religious reform appear therein, ranging from a call to return to the original sources of Islam to condemnation of popular religious practices. In his approach to Qur'an-interpretation, Chalil stripped the texts of legendary traits, rejected the principle of naskh, offered a particular approach to the interpretation of the mutashabihat verses and emphasized the i'jaz 'aqli/. His aim was to revitalize the Qur'an's function as a guide for modern life and to stress its compatibility with present modes of thought. Chalil's call for the emulation of the Prophet's sunnah was designed to reestablish the latter's direct link to rulings of a legal nature. He urged greater scrutiny of the authenticity of hadiths in order to restore the simplicity of faith and to halt inappropriate practices falsely attributed to the Prophet's example. This attitude was the logical outcome of his puritan stance, which was also manifested in the scope of his ijtihad which he restricted only to matters related to the purification of 'aqidah and 'ibadah. Similarly, Chalil's total rejection of the practice of taqlid shows his puritan agenda which went beyond even that of the early reformists. This extreme position, however, led him to misunderstand the true meaning of taqlid and its role both in the procedures of the judicial system and in shaping the faith of the 'awamm. Chalil's concept of ittiba' did not assess the intellectual state of the 'awamm, whose inability to detect the reasons behind the proofs meant that they would inevitably have to remain in a state of taqlid. Similarly, his call for the abandonment of the madhhab only helped to foster a new taqlid in response to this position. Also central to Chalil's reformist thought was his revision of the understanding of the basic tenets of Islam and his correction of the tradition

This thesis studies the attitudes of the religious scholars associated with the dayah, the traditional institution of religious learning in Aceh, Indonesia, towards issues of the modernization of Islamic law. In the history of Islamic society in Aceh, these scholars, the 'ulama' dayah, have shown great initiative in guiding their society as it sought solutions to various problems. Their response was not confined merely to religious matters but also extended to the economic, political and social problems. / The impact of modern science and technology has led to many changes in economics, agriculture, medicine, and other fields. All these changes have to be evaluated in terms of their status in Islamic law, because Muslims have always sought to lead their lives in accordance with Islamic teachings. The 'ulama' dayah, have contributed to meeting the challenge of resolving such problems. In formulating their decisions, the 'ulama' dayah usually refer to the standard texts of the four classical schools of Islamic law. The reliance on classical texts is justified by their conviction that present-day 'ulama' are unable to exercise ijtihad independently since they lack the qualifications which have been traditionally demanded of a mujtahid.

Thesis (M.A.--Church Hist.)--Catholic University of America, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-104).

Zugl.: @Diss. / Includes bibliographical references and index. Current philosophical issues in history writing -- Evaluating and using evidence -- Assumptions and practices of historians of ancient Israel -- In the mid-twentieth century -- Assumptions and practices of minimalist historians of ancient Israel -- Non-minimalist historians of ancient Israel.

Thesis (M.A.)--Missouri State University, 2008. / "May 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-68). Also available online.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborgs universitet. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 329-343) and index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-203). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborgs universitet. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 329-343) and index.