Orientador: José Carlos Plácido da Silva / Banca: Luis Carlos Paschoarelli / Banca: Paulo Kawauchi / Resumo: O excesso de material escolar transportado diariamente pelos estudantes impõe uma tensão extra à coluna vertebral e aos ombros provocando alterações posturais. Estudos recentes têm identificado que a carga transportada nas mochilas escolares, pode ser um fator de risco para o aparecimento de dores nas costas em crianças e adolescentes, e que esse sintoma pode perdurar pela vida adulta. Este estudo transversal teve por objetivo avaliar a carga transportada por estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio de escolas estaduais de Vespasiano/MG e quantificar o percentual estabelecido entre peso da mochila e massa corporal que estes jovens transportam diariamente. Participaram deste estudo, 916 estudantes, voluntários, de ambos os gêneros, com média de idade de (14,12=2,11 SD). Os alunos foram pesados com e sem a mochila na mesma balança. Estabeleceu-se como critério que os alunos a serem pesados deveriam estar trajando o uniforme de educação física, em posição ortostática no centro da balança, com os braços paralelos ao corpo, descalços, olhar fixado no horizonte, sem se movimentar e sem acessórios. Para análise dos dados, foram utilizadas, inicialmente, técnicas de estatística descritiva como a média, o desvio padrão (SD) e a frequencia percentual (%). Posteriormente, foram empregados métodos de estatística inferencial como o teste t-Student, a análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey para comparação múltipla. Todos os testes estatísticos foram utilizados considerando-se um nível de significãncia de 0.05. Os dados foram analisados usando-se o programa SPSS versão 10.00 (SPSS inc.). Da população avaliada, 541 estudantes (59,06%), com idade entre 10 e 18 anos (média 13,71=2,07SD), carregavam mochila acima dos 10% da massa corpórea, com a carga variando de 10,02 a 33,43% (média de 13,84=3,48 SD). Observou-se que os alunos com menor idade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Excess material transported daily by school students requires an extra stress to the spine and shoulders causing changes in posture. Recent studies that have identified that the load carried in school bags, can be a risk factor for the onset of back pain in children and adolescents, and that this symptom can last into adulthood. This eross sectional study aimed to evaluate the load carried by students in primary and secondary state schools, of Vespasiano/MG and a quantify the percentage established between backpack weight and body mass of these young people carry every day. Participated in this study, 916 students, volunteers of both genders with mean age (14,12=2,11SD). Students were weighed with and without the backpack on the same scale. It was established as a criterion that the students to be weigh should be wearing the gym uniform, standing erect in the center of balance, with the arms parallel to the body, barefoot, eyes fixed on the horizont, without moving and without accessories. For data analysis, were used initially descriptive statistic as mean, standard deviation (SD) and percentage frequency (%). Later, methods were used for inferential statistic such as T-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tuckey-test for multiple comparisons. All statistical tests were used considering a significance level of 0.05. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 10,00 (SPSS Inc.) the studied population, 541 students (59,06), aged between 10 and 18 years (mean 13,71=2.07 SD), carrying bag ver 10% of body mass, with the load ranging from 10,02 to 33,43% (average 13,84=3,48 SD). It was observed that younger students female, and those who opted for the backpack model designed dorsal attachment tended to carry a load higher than 10% of his body weight. 224 (24,45%) students complain of back pain and shoulder. 595 students (64,96%) make the journey to school on foot... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:20:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paula_ajf_me_bauru.pdf: 941066 bytes, checksum: 45f47d7a4a74c9e0cbecb6a6804c6578 (MD5) / O excesso de material escolar transportado diariamente pelos estudantes impõe uma tensão extra à coluna vertebral e aos ombros provocando alterações posturais. Estudos recentes têm identificado que a carga transportada nas mochilas escolares, pode ser um fator de risco para o aparecimento de dores nas costas em crianças e adolescentes, e que esse sintoma pode perdurar pela vida adulta. Este estudo transversal teve por objetivo avaliar a carga transportada por estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio de escolas estaduais de Vespasiano/MG e quantificar o percentual estabelecido entre peso da mochila e massa corporal que estes jovens transportam diariamente. Participaram deste estudo, 916 estudantes, voluntários, de ambos os gêneros, com média de idade de (14,12=2,11 SD). Os alunos foram pesados com e sem a mochila na mesma balança. Estabeleceu-se como critério que os alunos a serem pesados deveriam estar trajando o uniforme de educação física, em posição ortostática no centro da balança, com os braços paralelos ao corpo, descalços, olhar fixado no horizonte, sem se movimentar e sem acessórios. Para análise dos dados, foram utilizadas, inicialmente, técnicas de estatística descritiva como a média, o desvio padrão (SD) e a frequencia percentual (%). Posteriormente, foram empregados métodos de estatística inferencial como o teste t-Student, a análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey para comparação múltipla. Todos os testes estatísticos foram utilizados considerando-se um nível de significãncia de 0.05. Os dados foram analisados usando-se o programa SPSS versão 10.00 (SPSS inc.). Da população avaliada, 541 estudantes (59,06%), com idade entre 10 e 18 anos (média 13,71=2,07SD), carregavam mochila acima dos 10% da massa corpórea, com a carga variando de 10,02 a 33,43% (média de 13,84=3,48 SD). Observou-se que os alunos com menor idade... / Excess material transported daily by school students requires an extra stress to the spine and shoulders causing changes in posture. Recent studies that have identified that the load carried in school bags, can be a risk factor for the onset of back pain in children and adolescents, and that this symptom can last into adulthood. This eross sectional study aimed to evaluate the load carried by students in primary and secondary state schools, of Vespasiano/MG and a quantify the percentage established between backpack weight and body mass of these young people carry every day. Participated in this study, 916 students, volunteers of both genders with mean age (14,12=2,11SD). Students were weighed with and without the backpack on the same scale. It was established as a criterion that the students to be weigh should be wearing the gym uniform, standing erect in the center of balance, with the arms parallel to the body, barefoot, eyes fixed on the horizont, without moving and without accessories. For data analysis, were used initially descriptive statistic as mean, standard deviation (SD) and percentage frequency (%). Later, methods were used for inferential statistic such as T-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tuckey-test for multiple comparisons. All statistical tests were used considering a significance level of 0.05. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 10,00 (SPSS Inc.) the studied population, 541 students (59,06), aged between 10 and 18 years (mean 13,71=2.07 SD), carrying bag ver 10% of body mass, with the load ranging from 10,02 to 33,43% (average 13,84=3,48 SD). It was observed that younger students female, and those who opted for the backpack model designed dorsal attachment tended to carry a load higher than 10% of his body weight. 224 (24,45%) students complain of back pain and shoulder. 595 students (64,96%) make the journey to school on foot... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

In my diploma thesis, I have focused on relation concerning the weight of school bags and poor posture among the population of school children. The aim of my thesis was to chart the weight of school bags at the first grade of primary school in the region of České Budějovice and Český Krumlov in relation to overloading the children?s locomotive system. A partial objective of this research was charting the content of these school bags. In my diploma thesis, I have described the locomotive system, the function of its parts and I have further analysed the development of the locomotive apparatus in each term of child?s growth organism with the emphasis on term of the younger school age. In this thesis, I have described the right posture and the most common deviations of posture from a physiological point of view. I have considered the risk factors that lead to the rise of poor posture and basic diagnostic tests, which are connected to this issue. Part of my thesis has been dedicated to the inappropriate load of younger school age children in school and the ways that this can be avoided. I have also summarised the issue of school bags. I have described how should the right kind of school bag should look like and what is required by the Czech technical norm. An additional issue I have mentioned in my thesis was the content of these school bags. In the last unit of the theoretical part of my work, I have done some research regarding the moving regimen of children in school and the ways of avoiding rising muscle imbalance. For the researching part, I have used a method of objective measuring and weighing of pupils and their school bags in each class of the first grade of those chosen schools supplemented by the information from a questionnaire given to the parents of these children. The results were processed by means of Microsoft Excel. This research has confirmed two out of four of these hypotheses; the other two were disproved. According to the data from this research, it is possible to confirm that the children were overloaded by their school bags in all classes of the first grade of primary schools, where the research was held and this fact confirms the first hypothesis. Other confirmed hypothesis was the fact that children are not allowed to keep their school supplies in their respective schools. More than half of parents answered that their children have to carry their school equipment with them every day. A positive finding was that children prepare their school bags every day with some help of their parents. Parents sometimes prepare the bags themselves or at least they check a content of the bag. This fact disproved one of the hypotheses. The last hypothesis assumed that parents don?t know about any risks connected to overloaded school bags. This hypothesis was also disproved. The parents of these children were able to state at least one of possible risks in most of cases.

There is anecdotal and scientific evidence to suggest that schoolbag carriage is associated with musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD) and possibly long-term back pain. Thus schoolbag carriage is an area of concern for students, parents and both education and health professionals. A schoolbag weight limit of 10% of body weight (BW) is currently recommended. However, it is based on subjective observations rather than objective findings and does not consider other aspects of schoolbag carriage such as schoolbag design and adjustment or carriage patterns. Five studies were conducted in order to determine the effects on students' responses to schoolbag carriage of schoolbag design, adjustment, carriage duration and weight. Backpack design had a significant effect on reported musculoskeletal discomfort and choice of backpack. Schoolbag hip-belt and shoulder strap adjustment and weight significantly affected shoulder strap tension forces and shoulder interface pressure in simulated schoolbag carriage. Using activity monitoring, school students were found to spend approximately two hours carrying their schoolbags each day. This usually comprised 11-15 times per day of 8-9 minutes of carriage. Using this temporal pattern information, 16 boys (13-14 years) were exposed to a simulated school day using schoolbags weighing 0, 5, 10, 12.5 and 15% BW and an additional condition of 10% BW with tighter shoulder straps. Posture, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), muscular strain and reported ability to walk and balance were significantly affected when schoolbag load reached 10% BW. However, despite these findings, the magnitude of self reported muscular strain and MSD suggested that 15% BW may be too heavy for school students. Thus, 10% BW may be an appropriate upper schoolbag weight limit for a typical school day. Using a psychophysical approach the mean (standard deviation) maximum acceptable schoolbag weight (MASW) selected by 16 school boys (13-14 years) was 10.4(3.8) %BW. This finding agrees with the findings of the previous study and supports the current schoolbag weight recommendation of 10% BW. The results of the five studies can be used in developing schoolbag carrying guidelines to help reduce the prevalence of MSD amongst school students.