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The purpose of this study is to examine how English natural philosophers of the seventeenth century—in particular, Robert Boyle (1627-1691) considered and assessed the personal traits of skill and experience and the significance of these characteristics to the practice of seventeenth-century science. Boyle's writings reveal that skill and experience impacted various aspects of his seventeenth-century experimental natural philosophy, including the credibility assessment of tradesmen and eyewitnesses to natural phenomena, the contingencies involved in the making of experiments, and Boyle's statements about the requisite skills of experimental philosophy in contrast to other traditions. Subtopics explored include the popularization of science and Boyle's expectations concerning the future improvement of natural philosophy.

Orientador: Marcos Vieira Teixeira / Banca: Irineu Bicudo / Banca: Carlos Henrique Barbosa Gonçalves / Resumo: Durante a Idade Média a astronomia era estudada como uma das disciplinas do quadrivium, parte das artes liberais onde se abordava o conjunto das "matemáticas", e no Renascimento o estudo da astronomia como parte das "disciplinas matemáticas" perdurou ainda por algum tempo e diversos estudiosos continuaram a se dedicar à publicação de obras sobre o assunto. Adriaan van Roomen (1561-1615), matemático e médico renascentista, escreveu alguns trabalhos referentes à astronomia, dentre os quais podemos citar a sua Ouranographia sive caeli descriptio (1591). Neste trabalho, apresentamos a primeira tradução da Ouranographia direta do latim para o português e acrescentamos notas e comentários acerca dos assuntos tratados em alguns dos capítulos da obra. Na Ouranographia, percebemos claramente o entrelaçamento entre diversas áreas da ciência, não só no que consideramos como matemática e astronomia, mas também no que diz respeito à astrologia, à filosofia e à história. A Ouranographia de van Roomen é constituída por três livros: no liber primus, descreve genericamente a máquina celeste, sua matéria e forma, seus movimentos e orbes; no liber secundus, descreve o primeiro céu e as linhas e círculos celestes que usamos para nos referenciar estando aqui da Terra; no liber tertius, explica o primeiro móvel, seus círculos e movimentos. Percebemos que van Roomen faz uma compilação de boa parte do conhecimento existente sobre o tema desde a Antiguidade até seu tempo e, através de suas citações, percebemos ainda que ele teve contato com obras de inúmeros autores, se mostrando um grande intelectual / Abstract: During the Middle Ages the astronomy was studied as one of the disciplines of the quadrivium, part of the liberal arts where they approached the "math", and in the Renaissance the study of astronomy as part of the "mathematical disciplines" went even on for some time and several scholars have continued to devote himself to the publication of works on the subject. Adriaan van Roomen (1561-1615), renaissance mathematician and physician, wrote several works about to astronomy, among which we mention its Ouranographia sive caeli descriptio (1591). In this work we present the first direct translation from Latin to Portuguese of the Ouranographia and add notes and comments on the issues addressed in some of the chapters of the work. In the Ouranographia, we clearly see the interconnectedness of different fields of science, not only in what we consider as mathematics and astronomy, but also with regard to astrology, philosophy and history. The van Roomen' Ouranographia consists of three books: in the liber primus, describes generally the heaven machine, its matter and form, their movements and orbs; in the liber secundus, describes the heaven first and the celestial circles and lines that we use to refer being here on Earth, in the liber tertius, explains the mobile first, their movements and circles. We perceive that van Roomen makes a compilation of much of the existing knowledge on the subject from antiquity to his time, and through their citations, we perceive still that he had contact with works by several authors, is showing a great intellectual / Mestre

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-06-01T12:19:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo Barbosa Neto.pdf: 6027799 bytes, checksum: 16023fdaa806bf62ab8d3b5cfcd6e624 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T12:19:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo Barbosa Neto.pdf: 6027799 bytes, checksum: 16023fdaa806bf62ab8d3b5cfcd6e624 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This investigation is about the articulations of the cosmographic knowledge with the problem of the physical and conceptual distance between the monarchical state of the Portuguese and the places of the world that composed its maritime empire. It is bordered in Portugal from the 16th century. Its scope is to reveal an interpenetration between the cosmographic production and the problem of the physical and conceptual distance between the Lisbon Palace and the coasts, islands and firm lands under its lordship, using as its historical source the works of Pedro Nunes (Alcácer do Sal, 1502 - Coimbra, 1578), cosmographer of the King of Portugal D. João III (1502-1557). It leads us to a historical framework in which power and science mingle. It introduces us to a historical conjuncture, in which a history of politics and a history of the sciences intertwine and complement each other / Esta investigação é sobre as articulações do conhecimento cosmográfico com o problema da distância física e conceitual entre o estado monárquico dos portugueses e os lugares do mundo que compuseram seu império marítimo. Está delimitada em Portugal do século XVI. Seu escopo é desvelar uma interpenetração entre a produção cosmográfica e o problema da distância física e conceitual entre o Paço lisboeta e as costas, ilhas e terras firmes sob seu senhorio, empregando como fonte histórica precípua as obras de Pedro Nunes (Alcácer do Sal, 1502 – Coimbra, 1578), cosmógrafo do rei de Portugal D. João III (1502-1557). Ela nos conduz para um âmbito histórico no qual poder e ciência se misturam. Nos introduz em uma conjuntura histórica, na qual uma história da política e uma história das ciências se enlaçam e se completam

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Rogerio Calil.pdf: 13811835 bytes, checksum: f10ba0e283f90637d26598bbd8d624d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Born in the surrounding areas of Rome between 85 and 80 BC, Vitruvius has written The Ten Books on Architecture. The period, possibly, dates between the end of the Republic and the beginning of Augustus principality. Between 29 and 27 BC, after had written the main text of his work, Vitruvius saw the need of preface and dedicate his treaty to Augustus Caesar. Inserted on this accented political movement, Vitruvius publishes, in 27 BC, his work. For Vitruvius, the science of the architect is compounded by several disciplines and different types of knowledge, being necessary have acquaintance in literary art, science of drawing, geometry, arithmetic, historical facts, philosophy, music, medicine and astronomy, since all this disciplines have, among them, connection and communication. In fact, Vitruvius proofs on its work that managed all these knowledge areas. From The Ten Books on Architecture, the book 9 is dedicated to Astronomy, objectifying the comprehension of sundials systems. The complex construction of its analemma, a pre-construction of the sundials, brings several Astronomy concepts practiced on that time. And based on these concepts we determined the year of 47 BC as the year the ninth book was written. Besides, through the historical debate occurred among the vitruvian scholars, we determined the year Vitruvius has born, died, written, prefaced and dedicated his work. We present, in the first chapter, an abstract of the Ten Books of Vitruvius, the different trajectories of the vitruvian editions since the IX century until the present date and 16 editions we consider significant for any vitruvian scholar. In the second chapter, we analyze the historical process about the debate among scholars, referent to the date Vitruvius lived and wrote his work. In the third chapter, we analyzed the book 9, objectifying localize Astronomy contents described by Vitruvius, of which, thereafter, assisted us to conclude which year he wrote this book. Finally, in the chapter 4, the conclusion is made based on the studies of theorists presented in the chapter 2 and the concepts of Astronomy presented in chapter 3, we determined the year Vitruvius has born, died, written, prefaced and dedicated his work / Nascido nas regiões próximas à Roma, entre 85 a 80 a.e.c. Vitrúvio redigiu a obra Dez Livros de Arquitetura. O período, possivelmente, data entre o final da República e o começo do principado de Augusto. Entre 29 a 27 a.e.c, após ter escrito o texto principal da obra, Vitrúvio vê a necessidade de prefaciar e dedicar seu tratado para Augusto César. Inserido nessa acentuada movimentação política, Vitrúvio publica, em 27 a.e.c. sua obra. Para Vitrúvio, a ciência do arquiteto é ornada de muitas disciplinas e de vários saberes, sendo necessário ter conhecimento em arte literária, ciência do desenho, geometria, aritmética, fatos históricos, filosofia, música, medicina e astronomia, pois todas essas disciplinas tem, entre si, ligação e comunicação. De fato, Vitrúvio prova na sua obra que era munido de todos esses saberes. Dos Dez Livros de Arquitetura, o livro 9 é dedicado para a Astronomia, objetivando a compreensão do sistema dos relógios solares. A complexa construção do seu analema, uma pré construção dos relógios solares, traz consigo diversos conceitos de Astronomia praticados na época. E foi com base nesses conceitos que determinamos o ano de 47 a.e.c. como sendo o ano de redação do nono livro. Além disso, através do debate histórico ocorrido entre os estudiosos vitruvianos, determinamos o ano em que Vitrúvio nasceu, faleceu, redigiu, prefaciou e dedicou sua obra. Apresentamos, no primeiro capítulo, um resumo dos Dez Livros de Vitrúvio, as diferentes trajetórias das edições vitruvianas durante os séculos IX até apresente data e 16 edições que consideramos significativas para qualquer estudioso vitruviano. No segundo capítulo, analisamos o processo histórico sobre o debate entre os estudiosos, referente à data que Vitrúvio viveu e redigiu sua obra. No terceiro capítulo, analisamos o livro 9, objetivando localizar conteúdos de Astronomia descritos por Vitrúvio, os quais, mais a frente, nos auxiliaram a concluir a determinação do ano que ele redigiu esse livro. Por fim, no capítulo 4, a conclusão é realizada com base nos estudos dos teóricos apresentados no capítulo 2 e dos conceitos de Astronomia apresentados no capítulo 3, determinamos o ano que Vitrúvio nasceu, faleceu, redigiu, prefaciou e dedicou sua obra

Choi, Pak Cheong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-115). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction: Late Qing Science Fantasy and the Import of Science and Technology --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- When Time Becomes Abstract: A Chinese Time Travel Story --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- "Body in the Scientific Context: Physiology, Invisibility and Being in Motion" --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- From Survival to Technotopia: Living and Evolving with Artefacts --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Conclusion --- p.108 / References

abstract: This dissertation examines the efforts of the Carnegie Image Tube Committee (CITC), a group created by Vannevar Bush and composed of astronomers and physicists, who sought to develop a photoelectric imaging device, generally called an image tube, to aid astronomical observations. The Carnegie Institution of Washington’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism coordinated the CITC, but the committee included members from observatories and laboratories across the United States. The CITC, which operated from 1954 to 1976, sought to replace direct photography as the primary means of astronomical imaging. Physicists, who gained training in electronics during World War II, led the early push for the development of image tubes in astronomy. Vannevar Bush’s concern for scientific prestige led him to form a committee to investigate image tube technology, and postwar federal funding for the sciences helped the CITC sustain development efforts for a decade. During those development years, the CITC acted as a mediator between the astronomical community and the image tube producers but failed to engage astronomers concerning various development paths, resulting in a user group without real buy-in on the final product. After a decade of development efforts, the CITC designed an image tube, which Radio Corporation of American manufactured, and, with additional funding from the National Science Foundation, the committee distributed to observatories around the world. While excited about the potential of electronic imaging, few astronomers used the Carnegie-developed device regularly. Although the CITC’s efforts did not result in an overwhelming adoption of image tubes by the astronomical community, examining the design, funding, production, and marketing of the Carnegie image tube shows the many and varied processes through which astronomers have acquired new tools. Astronomers’ use of the Carnegie image tube to acquire useful scientific data illustrates factors that contribute to astronomers’ adoption or non-adoption of those new tools. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation History and Philosophy of Science 2019

abstract: In the last 200 years, advancements in science and technology have made understanding female sexual function and the female body more feasible; however, many women throughout the US still lack fundamental understanding of the reproductive system in the twenty-first century. Many factors contribute to the lack of knowledge and misconceptions that women still have. Discussing sexual health tends to make some people uncomfortable and this study aims to investigate what aspects of somewhat recent US history in women’s health care may have led to that discomfort. This thesis examines the question: what are some of the factors that shaped women’s reproductive medicine in the US from the mid 1800s and throughout the 1900s and what influence could the past have had on how women and their physicians understand female sexuality in medicine and how physicians diagnose their female patients in the twenty-first century. A literature review of primary source medical texts written at the end of the 1800s provides insight about patterns among physicians at the time and their medical practice with female patients. Factors like gendered expectations in medical practice, misconceptions about the female body and behaviors, and issues of morality in sex medicine all contributed to women lacking understanding of sex female reproductive functions. Other factors like a physician’s role throughout history and non-medical reproductive health providers and solutions likely also influenced the reproductive medicine women received. Examining the patterns of the past provides some insight into some of the outdated and gendered practices still exhibited in healthcare. Expanding sexual education programs, encouraging discussion about sex and reproductive health, and checking gendered implicit bias in reproductive healthcare could help eliminate echoes of hysteria ideology in the twenty-first century medicine. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2019

No description available.

The thesis seeks to investigate primarily the philosophical treatises with the title pe?? [?] which were written in the Hellenistic period, that is from the age of Alexander to the end of the Roman Republic. It aims to discover their contents, purposes, similarities and differences, and so to illuminate the attitudes of philosophers and other educated men to the Hellenistic monarchies. Each work discussed is put as far as possible in its historical context in order to demonstrate the relationship between philosophical theory and political practice, and in order to show how philosophers influenced and were influenced by the kings they advised. The Introduction discusses the origins and growth of ideas about kingship in the archaic and classical periods: it treats in outline the main influences on later thought. Part I deals with the known evidence for works pe?? [?]. Chapter 1 concerns treatises addressed to Alexander or written during his lifetime. In particular the evidence for Aristotle's relationship with Alexander is discussed in connection with his alleged pe?? [?]; his section on kingship in book iii of the Politics is analysed; and the Arabic treatise recently discovered is shown to be a forgery of Roman imperial date. The works of Xenocrates and Anaxarchus are also discussed. This chapter is particularly concerned with the rivalries between the various philosophers around the figure of Alexander. Chapter 2 deals with the other Hellenistic treatises whose authorship is known, by philosophical schools - the Peripatetics, Epicureans, Stoics, and 'Pythagoreans'. Chapter 3 gives the fragmentary evidence from papyri and Suidas. Part II attempts to fill out this picture, and show the inter-relationship between native and Greek traditions in the world of Hellenistic literature, by taking three extant prose works where a theoretical attitude to kingship can be seen. Again these works are discussed in detail, reconstructed where necessary, and an attempt is made to date them and relate them to their historical background. Chapter 1 deals with the work of Hecataeus of Abdera on Egypt, and especially the section on Pharaonic kingship (preserved in Diodorus book i). Chapter 2 discusses the letter of Aristeas to Philocrates, and especially the relationship between the section on kingship which it contains and the purpose of the work as a whole. Chapter 3 is an analysis of Philodemus, On the Good King according to Homer, which attempts to show the purpose of the work, and the limitations on the use of ideas of kingship in the Roman political world of the late Republic. There are four appendices, the last of which contains a translation of the new text of the Arabic letter of Aristotle to Alexander On Government, by myself and S.M. Stern; it is given here purely for the convenience of the examiners, since it is unpublished, and should not be considered part of the thesis proper.