In one sense, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 constitute the only nuclear war ever fought. Because of this, information on the wide breadth of topics pertinent to warfare—tactics, strategies, weapons effects, etc.—remained scant. In an effort to learn how to fight and win, and later to fight and survive, a nuclear war, the United States military, civil defense agencies, and the public more generally, undertook a project of "virtualizing" nuclear war through war games, civil defense exercises, film and television representations, and the act of live-fire atmospheric nuclear testing from 1945 to 1963. In this way, many small nuclear wars have been fought since 1945, in pieces, in slices, and in controlled environments that have provided a window onto the possible realities of the broader catastrophe of nuclear war. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester 2018. / October 15, 2018. / atomic, cinema, nuclear, war / Includes bibliographical references. / Ronald E. Doel, Professor Directing Dissertation; Joseph R. Hellweg, University Representative; Jonathan A. Grant, Committee Member; Kristine C. Harper, Committee Member; Guenter Kurt Piehler, Committee Member.

Abstract not available

手稿本. / 論文 (碩士)--香港中文大學. / Shou gao ben. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 284-286). / Lun wen (Shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 前言 / Chapter 第一章 --- 儒家之德治與法家之法治之理論根據──人性論 / Chapter （一） --- 小引 --- p.1-2 / Chapter （二） --- 儒家之性善論 / Chapter （1） --- 孔子的人性論 --- p.3-15 / Chapter （2） --- 孟子的性善論 --- p.16-34 / Chapter （三） --- 法家之性惡論 --- p.35-36 / Chapter （1） --- 韓非以前法家之人性論 --- p.36-41 / Chapter （2） --- 韓非之人性觀 --- p.41-49 / Chapter （四） --- 小結 --- p.50-51 / 本章注釋 --- p.52-53 / Chapter 第二章 --- 儒家德治之內涵 / Chapter （一） --- 小引 --- p.54-55 / Chapter （二） --- 民本思想 --- p.56-89 / Chapter （三） --- 禮治主義 --- p.90-127 / Chapter （四） --- 小結 --- p.128-130 / 本章注釋 --- p.131-134 / Chapter 第三章 --- 法家法治之特質 / Chapter （一） --- 小引 --- p.135-136 / Chapter （二） --- 國家主義 / Chapter （1） --- 國家利益至上主義 --- p.137-147 / Chapter （2） --- 尚力觀念 --- p.147-158 / Chapter （三） --- 法治理論 / Chapter （1） --- 法論 --- p.158-180 / Chapter （2） --- 術論 --- p.181-200 / Chapter （3） --- 勢論 --- p.200-210 / Chapter （4） --- 韓非集法術勢之大成 --- p.210-225 / Chapter （四） --- 小結 --- p.225-226 / 本章注釋 --- p.227-229 / Chapter 第四章 --- 兩種社會型態 / Chapter （一） --- 小引 --- p.230-231 / Chapter （二） --- 儒家的倫理社會 --- p.231-254 / Chapter （三） --- 法家的物化社會 --- p.254-26 / Chapter （四） --- 小結 --- p.262-263 / 本章注釋 --- p.264-265 / Chapter 第五章 --- 小評 --- p.266-282 / 本章注釋 --- p.283 / 附：主要參考書目 --- p.284-286

The most important republic of the former Soviet Union, the Russian Republic, engaged in cooperative activities during the period June 1990-August 1991 with the fourteen other Union republics. It supported the demands of these republics for sovereignty and signed important treaties with them. This cooperation process is dissected in this dissertation through the use of a multi-method research approach. The theoretical orientation is derived from elite conflict theory and the literature on collapse of empires in the twentieth century. The collected evidence yield the following conclusions: Russia's cooperation with the other republics was the manifestation of a major elite conflict. It also epitomized the Russian government's effort to manage the uncontrolled breakup of the Soviet state in a manner ensuring Russian dominance in the post-Soviet space.

Brouwer's contribution to the study of foundations of mathematics is generally cepted, yet the greater part of his work has remained inaccessible because of language and for lack of a bibliography. In this study of the fundamental concepts of Brouwer's intuitionism and philosophy use has been made of all Brouwer1's published papers. Chapter I: Some relevant biographical details are given, as well as a survey of Brouwer's foundational works. A largely forgotten work, Leven. Kunst en Mystiek. has been included as a useful source of information on Brouwer's character, his general views, and his mystical tendencies. A bibliography of all Brouwer's work has been compiled, and is included. Chapter II: An analysis is made of Brouwer's philosophy, which determined his intuitionism as early as 1905.The central place in this philosophy is taken by Brouwer's theory of intuition and mathematics: intuition as the human mind actingindependently of all data of experience, and mathematics as nothing else but this intuitive mental activity. It is shown that this philosophy is the foundation of Brouwer's intuitionism; all his intuitionist theories and practices ultimately stem from his conception of mathematics. Chapter IIII: in particular, Brouwer's criticism of classical mathematics, logicism, formalism, and Poincare's neo-intuitionism is based on his absolute distinction between mathematics and language, i.e. expression of this mental activity in sounds or symbols. Neither language norlogic, the post-factum analysis of this language can contribute anything to mathematics; any device, such as the Principle of the Excluded Middle which claims to produce mathematical results from a purely verbal structure, is suspect. Chapter IV: Brouwer's conception of mathematics places greater emphasis on the active human role; this leads to an entirely new concept of the infinite sequence, of sets, and of the continuum,A survey is given of these fundamental notions of Brouwer's analysis, especially in as far they diverge from classical mathematics. Chapter V summarizes the main conclusions drawn in this work.

abstract: At the beginning of the nineteenth century, there was no universal term to describe a person who practiced science. In 1833, the term “scientist” was proposed to recognize these individuals, but exactly who was represented by this term was still ambiguous. Supported by Bruno Latour’s theory of networks and hybridity, The Emerging Scientist takes a historical approach to analyze the different collectives of individuals who influenced the cultural perception of science and therefore aided in defining the role of the emerging scientist during the nineteenth century. Each chapter focuses on a collective in the science network that influenced the development of the scientist across the changing scientific landscape of the nineteenth century. Through a study of William Small and Herbert Spencer, the first chapter investigates the informal clubs that prove to be highly influential due, in part, to the freedom individuals gain by being outside of formal institutions. Through an investigation of the lives and works of professional astronomer, Caroline Herschel, and physicist and mathematician, James Clerk Maxwell, chapter two analyzes the collective of professional practitioners of science to unveil the way in which scientific advancement actually occurred. Chapter three argues for the role of women in democratizing science and expanding the pool from which future scientists would come through a close analysis of Jane Marcet and Agnes Clerke, members of the collective of female popularizers of science. The final chapter examines how the collective of fictional depictions of science and the scientist ultimately are part of the cultural perception of the scientist through a close reading of Shelley’s Alastor; or, the Spirit of Solitude and Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. Ultimately, The Emerging Scientist aims to recreate the way science is studied in order to generate a more comprehensive understanding of the influences on developing science and the scientist during the nineteenth century. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2016

<p> Some linguists in the nineteenth century argued for the existence of a &ldquo;Turanian&rdquo; family of languages in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, claiming the common descent of a vast range of languages like Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, Mongol, Manchu, and their relatives and dialects. Of such linguists, Friedrich Max M&uuml;ller (1823&ndash;1900) was an important developer and popularizer of a version of the Turanian theory across Europe, given his influence as a German-born Oxford professor in Victorian England from the 1850s onwards. Although this theory lost ground in academic linguistics from the mid twentieth century, a pan-nationalist movement pushing for the political unity of all Turanians emerged in Hungary and the Ottoman Empire from the <i> Fin-de-si&egrave;cle</i> era. This thesis focuses on the history of this linguistic theory in the nineteenth century, examining M&uuml;ller&rsquo;s methodology and assumptions behind his Turanian concept. It argues that, in the comparative-historical trend in linguistics in an age of European imperialism, M&uuml;ller followed evolutionary narratives of languages based on word morphologies in which his contemporaries rationalized the superiority of &ldquo;inflectional&rdquo; Indo-European languages over &ldquo;agglutinating&rdquo; Turanian languages. Building on the &ldquo;Altaic&rdquo; theory of the earlier Finnish linguist and explorer Matthias Castr&eacute;n, M&uuml;ller factored in the more primitive nomadic lifestyle of many peoples speaking agglutinating languages to genealogically group them into the Turanian family. M&uuml;ller&rsquo;s universalist Christian values gave him a touch of sympathy for all human languages and religions, but he reinforced the hierarchical view of cultures in his other comparative sciences of mythology and religion as well. This picture was challenged in the cultural pessimism of the <i>Fin de si&egrave;cle </i> with the Pan-Turanists turning East to their nomadic heritage for inspiration.</p><p>

The thesis of this dissertation is that not only was Darwin the first Social Darwinist, but that only through appreciation of the roles of confusion, metaphysics, the social and political context, and the work of Alfred Russel Wallace can a better understanding of Darwin's achievement be accomplished. By revealing and then analyzing the Social Darwinist aspects of Darwin's science of transmutation the position of most critics--who hold that Darwin's Social Darwinist followers perverted his "pure" science--is debunked. Darwin's development of a race war theory was done for scientific reasons which cannot be stripped away to reveal a non-political "core" without utterly transforming his ideas. For instance, Darwin developed a biological ranking of indigenous peoples which helped fill in evidential gaps for the theory of evolution as well as provide confirmation for his radical form of reductive materialism. Darwin's Social Darwinism has been noticed by a few critics, but is usually dismissed as either ephemeral or indicative of commonly-held "backround" political biases. The first view is shown to be inadequate by revelation of the deep relation of his metaphysics to his science. The second is exploded through an examination of the work of Alfred Russel Wallace. He opposed Darwin's concept of race war, and his opposition was rooted in his commitment to an emergentist metaphysics. Once the juxtaposition of the social and political aspects of Wallace's work to that of Darwin is provided, the wider context of their work is revealed by an examination of Darwin's use of Malthus, the politics of emerging professional classes, Victorian birth control, and the work of T. H. Huxley. Revelation of the intimate social and political details of the scientific work of Darwin and Wallace helps to create an understanding of how nineteenth century science was constituted and demonstrates that the particular historical relations of science and ideology make the concept of "pure science" an oxymoron.

For decades, archaeologists have investigated the history of the discipline and, more recently, some have suggested that self-reflection be incorporated into fieldwork and archaeological reports. These efforts should promote critical understandings of archaeological practice as well as of the data and interpretations originating from such practice. This dissertation represents an exploration of the influences, at various levels, affecting one body of data (constituting the German Hamburgian) and interpretations about that data. The Hamburgian was first defined as a late Paleolithic cultural complex on the North European Plain in the early 1930s. Throughout its research history, avocational archaeologists have played a prominent role in the discovery and interpretation of the Hamburgian record. The most influential of these amateurs was Alfred Rust, whose fieldwork at the now-classic sites of Meiendorf and Stellmoor was carried out at the very inception of Hamburgian research. His discoveries inspired a host of other explorations of Hamburgian sites in northern Europe and shaped subsequent expectations and interpretations about this prehistoric period. These findings were eagerly followed by an interested public and were the source of intense regional and national pride during the unique social, political, and economic climate between the World Wars in Germany. Among the early investigations that followed upon the heels of Rust's work was the excavation of Pennworthmoor 1 in Cuxhaven-Sahlenburg by another self-trained archaeologist, Paul Büttner. Sixty years later Pennworthmoor 1 was again the site of archaeological fieldwork at which time I played a part. Past practices of Hamburgian archaeology in northern Germany, in general, and at the site of Pennworthmoor 1, in particular, are considered through documentary and collections research. The formative first decade of Hamburgian archaeology is the primary focus. In addition, a reflexive approach to my own fieldwork at the Pennworthmoor 1 site is offered to illustrate the complexities and effects of daily practice involved in data recovery and interpretation that cannot be readily gleaned from historical records.

Reflecting on the history of paleontology, historian Martin Rudwick claimed, "The `meaning' of fossils has been seen in many different ways in different periods." This insight rings true today as the search for ancient DNA has provided a deeper meaning of the term fossil and offered paleontology a more expansive role in the molecular age. In this work, I provide a historical account of ancient DNA research from 1984 to1999 and discuss the implications of ancient DNA research as a new approach to fossil studies for the science of paleontology. The emergence of ancient DNA research over the past several decades has introduced a fresh and quantitative methodology for studying fossils and a new means through which to discover and decipher our evolutionary past. Ancient DNA research has revolutionized how scientists view and study ancient and fossil specimens. In doing so, the search for ancient DNA has transformed what was once a purely historical approach to fossil studies into a more experimental one. In this thesis, I argue that the early history of ancient DNA research, when appropriately situated in the overall history of paleontology, is best understood as an extension and realization of the modern evolutionary synthesis and a step toward bridging the gap between historical and experimental science. / A Thesis submitted to the Program in History and Philosophy of Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. / Summer Semester, 2012. / March 26, 2012. / ANCIENT DNA, FOSSILS, HISTORICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE, MODERN EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, PALEONTOLOGY / Includes bibliographical references. / Frederick Davis, Professor Directing Thesis; Michael Ruse, Committee Member; Gregory Erickson, Committee Member; Scott Steppan, Committee Member.