Scientometrics (forthcoming) / Based on the citation data of journals covered by the China Scientific and Technical Papers and Citations Database (CSTPCD), we obtained aggregated journal-journal citation environments by applying routines developed specifically for this purpose. Local citation impact of journals is defined as the share of the total citations in a local citation environment, which is expressed as a ratio and can be visualized by the size of the nodes. The vertical size of the nodes varies proportionally to a journal's total citation share, while the horizontal size of the nodes is used to provide citation information after correction for the within-journal (self-) citations. In the "citing" environment, the equivalent of the local citation performance can also be considered as a citation activity index. Using the "citing" patterns as variables one is able to map how the relevant journal environments are perceived by the collective of authors of a journal, while the "cited" environment reflects the impact of journals in a local environment. In this study, we analyze citation impacts of three Chinese journals in mathematics and compare local citation impacts with impact factors. Local citation impacts reflect a journal's status and function better than (global) impact factors. We also found that authors in Chinese journals prefer international instead of domestic ones as sources for their citations.

This paper examines the changing nature of knowledge-based innovation systems in light of the dynamic interconnections between the university, industry and government. Industries have to assess in what way and to what extent they decide to internalize R&D functions. Universities position themselves in markets, both regionally and globally. Governments make informed trade-offs between investments in industrial policies, S&T policies, and/or delicate and balanced interventions at the structural level. Such policies can be expected to be successful insofar as one can anticipate and/or follow trends according to the dynamics of the new technologies in their different phases. The evolutionary perspective in economics can be complemented with a turn towards reflexivity in sociology in order to obtain a richer understanding of how the overlay of communications in university-industry-government relations reshapes the systems of innovations that are currently subjects of debate, policy-making, and scientific study.

The aims of this study are: to identify technology trends by identifying core topics, prominence topics, and emerging topics; and to assess the overlap between research and development and patents on chemistry and metallurgy fields in Indonesia during 1993-1997. The technology trends are determined by measuring subject and keyword development on those fields. Co-words analysis is employed to measure the technology categories. The objects of this study are granted patents section C according to International Patent Classification (IPC) and research report documents which was collected from CD ROM of research reports on chemistry and metallurgy fields published by PDII-LIPI. Subjects analysis of patent document are measured based on the number of subclass in chemistry and metallurgy fields using IPC code of patent documents. Subjects analysis of research reports are measured based on the number of subclass in chemistry and metallurgy section using DDC21 system of research report documents. Co-words analysis is measured based on the co-occurrence frequencies of the keywords ap-peared in the research documents. The results showed that overlapping subject and keyword of patent documents and research report documents on chemistry and metallurgy fields in Indonesia during five years (1993 to 1997) was on the organic chemistry, especially on dyes and extraction. Another important subject in patent documents was human necessity, especially on pesticides, drugs, and detergents. The largest subject on research activities period was on food technology, especially on coconut oils, palm oils, and storage. Technology categories on research report documents show that there were no core top-ics of research activities in Indonesia during five years (1993 to 1997). The prominence topics were only on 1993 and 1996 namely fermentation process, storage processes, and drying apparatus. There were core topics, prominence topics and emerging topics on patent documents.

Kybernetes 35 (3/4) (2006) / Purpose: In the tradition of Spencer Brown’s (1969) Laws of Form, observation was defined in Luhmann’s (1984) social systems theory as the designation of a distinction. In the sociological design, however, the designation specifies only a category for the observation. The distinction between observation and expectation enables the sociologist to appreciate the processing of meaning in social systems. Design: The specification of “the observer” in the tradition of systems theory is analyzed in historical detail. Inconsistencies and differences in perspectives are explicated, and the specificity of human language is further specified. The processing of meaning in social systems adds another layer to the communication. Findings: Reflexivity about the different perspectives of participant observers and an external observer is fundamental to the sociological discourse. The ranges of possible observations from different perspectives can be considered as second-order observations or equivalently as the specification of an uncertainty in the observations. This specification of an uncertainty provides us with an expectation. The expectation can be provided with (one or more) values by observations. The significance of observations can be tested when the expectations are properly specified. Value: The expectations (second-order observations) are structured and therefore systemic attributes to the discourse. However, the metaphor of a (meta-)biological observer has disturbed the translation of social systems theory into sociological discourse. Different discourses specify other expectations about possible observations. By specifying second-order observations as expectations, social systems theory.

Scientometrics 67(2), 2006, 231-258 / Published in Scientometrics 67(2), 2006, 231-258. Abstract: Co-words have been considered as carriers of meaning across different domains in studies of science, technology, and society. Words and co-words, however, obtain meaning in sentences, and sentences obtain meaning in their contexts of use. At the science/society interface, words can be expected to have different meanings: the codes of communication that provide meaning to words differ on the varying sides of the interface. Furthermore, meanings and interfaces may change over time. Given this structuring of meaning across interfaces and over time, we distinguish between metaphors and diaphors as reflexive mechanisms that facilitate the translation between contexts. Our empirical focus is on three recent scientific controversies: Monarch butterflies, Frankenfoods, and stem-cell therapies. This study explores new avenues that relate the study of co-word analysis in context with the sociological quest for the analysis and processing of meaning.

This is published in the Journal of the American Society of Information Science & Technology, 56(14) 1469-1479. [The classification and mapping of journals is available at http://www.leydesdorff.net/china01.] Methods developed for mapping the journal structure contained in aggregated journal-journal citations in the Science Citation Index are applied to the Chinese Science Citation Database of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This database covered 991 journals in 2001, of which only 37 had originally English titles and only 31 were covered by the SCI. Using factor-analytical and graph-analytical techniques we show that the journal relations are dually structured. The main structure is the intellectual organization of the journals in journal groups (as in the international SCI), but the university-based journals provide an institutional layer that orients this structure towards practical ends (e.g., agriculture). This mechanism of integration is further distinguished from the role of â general science journals.â The Chinese Science Citation Database thus exhibits the characteristics of â Mode 2â in the production of scientific knowledge more than its western counterparts. The contexts of application lead to correlation among the components.

The Journal of Yeungnam Regional Development 35(2) (2006), 69-86 / Kingâ s (2004) â The scientific impact of nationsâ published in the Nature has provided the data for the comparison among nation-states in terms of their research performance with reference to their previous stages. This paper makes an attempt to do a new evaluation of the data from another perspective, which leads to completely different and hitherto overlooked conclusions. This paper found that there were newly emerging nations. While their national science systems grow endogenously, their publications and citation rates keep pace with the growth pattern. The center of gravity of the world system of science may be changing accordingly. Its axis is moving from North America first to Europe, but then increasingly to Asia. At the global level the rise of China and South Korea are perhaps the main effect because of the volumes.

This is an invited paper for the Seventh International Conference on Computing Anticipatory Systems CASYSâ 05, Liège, Belgium. August 8-13, 2005. It is forthcoming in American Institute of Physics, Proceedings. In biological systems, the capacity of anticipationâ that is, entertaining a model of the system within the systemâ can be considered as naturally given. Human languages enable psychological systems to construct and exchange mental models of themselves and their environments reflexively, that is, provide meaning to the events. At the level of the social system expectations can further be codified. When these codifications are functionally differentiatedâ like between market mechanisms and scientific research programsâ the potential asynchronicity in the update among the subsystems provides room for a second anticipatory mechanism at the level of the transversal information exchange among differently codified meaning-processing subsystems. Interactions between the two different anticipatory mechanisms (the transversal one and the one along the time axis in each subsystem) may lead to co-evolutions and stabilization of expectations along trajectories. The wider horizon of knowledgeable expectations can be expected to meta-stabilize and also globalize a previously stabilized configuration of expectations against the axis of time. This recursive incursion on the incursive dynamics of expectations can be modeled using hyper-incursion. The knowledge-based subdynamic at the global level which thus emerges, enables historical agents to inform the reconstruction of previous states and to co-construct future states of the social system, for example, in a techno-economic co-evolution.

This paper discusses the uses of peer review for science policy and government funding (grant proposal evaluations) decisions.

This is a submission to the "Interrogating the social realities of information and communications systems pre-conference workshop, ASIST AM 2006". Digital photography has widely replaced film in recent years, yet there has been relatively little research into digital photography as a socio-technical phenomenon. This project examines the computerization of scientific photography among marine mammal researchers. Scientists studying marine mammals use photo-identification to identify individual animals (whales, dolphins, etc.) in their research, and have recently widely switched to digital photography. This study examines ways in which scientists' work practices, communication patterns, relationships, and behaviors have changed by applying Kling's Socio-Technical Interaction Network (STIN) strategy. STIN integrates the social and technical to develop a nuanced understanding of technology and extends Actor-Network Theory.