In the last fifteen years, the Brazilian government has implemented educational policies intended to expand access to higher education for students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. At the same time, research has observed the increase in the demand for international mobility of students from middle and upper classes. This PhD thesis aimed to understand the e↵ect of international mobility among Brazilian undergraduate students on educational inequality by examining the Science Without Borders (SWB) programme. This programme was established in July 2011 by the Brazilian Federal Government with the aim to promote the expansion and the internationalisation of science and technology, and increase Brazilian competitiveness through international exchange and mobility. The programme distributed 101,000 scholarships between 2011 and 2015 for undergraduate and graduate Brazilian students to study in a foreign university. The thesis draws on research on educational inequalities and international mobility. The research on education inequalities showed that in many developed countries, after the expansion of education, students from privileged socioeconomic backgrounds seek to maintain their education advantage through distinctive educational trajectories. The international mobility research also indicated that students from more advantageous socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to pursue international mobility as a strategy for maintaining their privilege. However, international mobility programmes that o↵er financial bursary attract students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds as well. Hence, this research examined whether international mobility programmes which o↵er scholarships may operate as a mechanism for opening up opportunities in the education system. The dataset used for the study was created thanks to the collaboration of three di↵erent intuitions: the two funding bodies of the SWB programme and the National Institute for Educational Studies and Research (INEP). The negotiations to access the data lasted around a year and a half, and was only agreed after the anonymity of the students were guaranteed. INEP merged data from the High School National Exam (ENEM) datasets with the information provided by the two funding bodies to identify students who attended the SWB programme between 2011 and 2014. Probit regression models were used to examine the association between students’ socioeconomic backgrounds and the likelihood of participating in the SWB programme. The models showed that students with parents with higher levels of education and higher income were more likely to receive a SWB scholarship. In other words, there was inequality in access to the programme. Therefore, the financial bursary o↵ered by the Brazilian government did not eliminate the e↵ect of students’ socioeconomic characteristics on access to this programme. Multilevel models were used to analyse the association between students’ socioeconomic background and prestige of the foreign university attended. The models demonstrated that there was also inequality within the SWB programme: students from more advantageous socioeconomic background tended to study in more prestigious universities. These results corroborate the results from the international mobility literature and suggest that students from privileged socioeconomic backgrounds might pursue international mobility to maintain educational advantages. These results have important implications for educational policies in Brazil. In addition to the e↵ort to expand access to higher education, the government should also assure that inequalities are not being transferred to other areas, such as in the case of international mobility.

O presente trabalho, inserido em uma proposta interdisciplinar de pesquisa entre sistemas complexos e políticas públicas, teve como intuito prover subsídios para a avaliação do programa Ciência sem Fronteiras (CsF), especialmente no contexto de políticas públicas de internacionalização e de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (CT&I). O programa visa promover a consolidação, expansão e internacionalização da ciência e tecnologia, da inovação e da competitividade brasileira por meio do intercâmbio e da mobilidade internacional. A pesquisa examinou o ciclo de formulação, implementação e avaliação do programa para investigar se o investimento em mobilidade acadêmica internacional pode ser um mecanismo efetivo para fomentar a colaboração científica internacional. Inicialmente, foi entendido que o Brasil possui dois problemas fundamentais no campo de CT&I: i) déficit na formação de recursos humanos qualificados; e ii) baixa inserção científica e tecnológica no cenário internacional. Visto o problema, a formulação do CsF insere-se como parte da solução dentro de uma agenda estratégica nacional elaborada pelo Ministério de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Após quatro anos de implementação, em 2015 o programa atingiu a meta de conceder 101 mil bolsas de intercâmbio acadêmico, mas extrapolou em mais de três vezes o orçamento previsto. Entretanto, teve um efeito positivo para o aumento da oferta de bolsas no exterior em todas as áreas (inclusive as não contempladas pelo programa) e não interferiu nos recursos financeiros das bolsas de formação no país. Com o uso de dados bibliométricos, foram encontrados indícios de que o programa foi capaz de estimular e manter a colaboração internacional entre pesquisadores. Todavia, ainda não é possível afirmar se os efeitos são significativos ou não, por isso se faz necessário avaliações futuras sobre a influência do programa nas mais diversas disciplinas científicas e nas respectivas redes de coautorias, além de estudos sobre outras questões que derivam do trabalho. Devido a dificuldades específicas com coleta e uso de dados durante o processo avaliativo, o trabalho recomenda: i) que bancas de especialistas compilem grupos de palavras-chave que caracterizem as áreas científicas; ii) que dados sobre o Ciência sem Fronteiras disponíveis para visualização sejam também disponíveis para download; e iii) que a Plataforma Lattes inclua no currículo dos pesquisadores a opção de registro sobre o programa de bolsas a que foram vinculados. Por fim, o trabalho ressalta o entendimento de que o programa Ciência sem Fronteiras foi positivo no sentido de aumentar a visibilidade internacional da educação superior brasileira e inseriu as universidades e outras instituições brasileiras em programas de cooperação internacional no campo da pesquisa. Neste sentido, recomenda-se que o Brasil deve envidar esforços para manter uma política pública de mobilidade acadêmica internacional, mesmo que em dimensões menores e de maneira reformulada / This work, as part of an interdisciplinary proposal of research between complex systems and public policies, intends to provide subsidies for the evaluation of the Brazil Science without Borders (SwB) program, especially in the context of Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I) and internationalization public policies. The program sought to promote the consolidation, expansion and internationalization of Brazilian science and technology, innovation and competitiveness through exchange and international mobility. The research examined the program\'s formulation, implementation and evaluation cycle to investigate whether investment in international academic mobility could be an effective mechanism to foster international scientific collaboration. Firstly, Brazil has two fundamental problems in the field of ST&I: i) deficits in the formation of qualified human resources; and ii) low scientific and technological insertion in the international scenario. Given these problems, the creation of the SwB was part of a solution within a national strategic agenda of improving Brazils standing within the fields of ST&I. From its inception to its conclusion four years later, the program achieved the goal of granting 101,000 exchange scholarships, but went three times over budget. However, SwB had a positive effect by increasing overseas scholarship offerings in all areas (even those not explicitly covered by the program) and did not interfere with the financial resources of the scholarship grants in the country. The use of bibliometric data has shown that the program was able to stimulate and maintain international collaboration among researchers. However, it is not yet possible to state whether the effects are significant or not, so it is necessary to evaluate the influence of the program in different scientific disciplines and in their respective co-authorship networks, as well as other issues derived from the work. Because of specific difficulties in collecting and using data during the evaluation process, this dissertation recommends: i) that expert panels compile groups of keywords that characterize the scientific disciplines; ii) that data on Science without Borders available for visualization also become available for download; and iii) that the Lattes Platform includes in the researchers\' curriculum the option of registering the scholarship program they were linked to. Finally, the paper acknowledges that the Science without Borders program improved the international visibility of Brazils higher education and inserted universities and other Brazilian institutions into international research cooperation programs. In this sense, the author recommends that Brazil should make efforts to maintain such a public policy of international academic mobility, even in a reduced or reformed format

O presente trabalho, inserido em uma proposta interdisciplinar de pesquisa entre sistemas complexos e políticas públicas, teve como intuito prover subsídios para a avaliação do programa Ciência sem Fronteiras (CsF), especialmente no contexto de políticas públicas de internacionalização e de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (CT&I). O programa visa promover a consolidação, expansão e internacionalização da ciência e tecnologia, da inovação e da competitividade brasileira por meio do intercâmbio e da mobilidade internacional. A pesquisa examinou o ciclo de formulação, implementação e avaliação do programa para investigar se o investimento em mobilidade acadêmica internacional pode ser um mecanismo efetivo para fomentar a colaboração científica internacional. Inicialmente, foi entendido que o Brasil possui dois problemas fundamentais no campo de CT&I: i) déficit na formação de recursos humanos qualificados; e ii) baixa inserção científica e tecnológica no cenário internacional. Visto o problema, a formulação do CsF insere-se como parte da solução dentro de uma agenda estratégica nacional elaborada pelo Ministério de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Após quatro anos de implementação, em 2015 o programa atingiu a meta de conceder 101 mil bolsas de intercâmbio acadêmico, mas extrapolou em mais de três vezes o orçamento previsto. Entretanto, teve um efeito positivo para o aumento da oferta de bolsas no exterior em todas as áreas (inclusive as não contempladas pelo programa) e não interferiu nos recursos financeiros das bolsas de formação no país. Com o uso de dados bibliométricos, foram encontrados indícios de que o programa foi capaz de estimular e manter a colaboração internacional entre pesquisadores. Todavia, ainda não é possível afirmar se os efeitos são significativos ou não, por isso se faz necessário avaliações futuras sobre a influência do programa nas mais diversas disciplinas científicas e nas respectivas redes de coautorias, além de estudos sobre outras questões que derivam do trabalho. Devido a dificuldades específicas com coleta e uso de dados durante o processo avaliativo, o trabalho recomenda: i) que bancas de especialistas compilem grupos de palavras-chave que caracterizem as áreas científicas; ii) que dados sobre o Ciência sem Fronteiras disponíveis para visualização sejam também disponíveis para download; e iii) que a Plataforma Lattes inclua no currículo dos pesquisadores a opção de registro sobre o programa de bolsas a que foram vinculados. Por fim, o trabalho ressalta o entendimento de que o programa Ciência sem Fronteiras foi positivo no sentido de aumentar a visibilidade internacional da educação superior brasileira e inseriu as universidades e outras instituições brasileiras em programas de cooperação internacional no campo da pesquisa. Neste sentido, recomenda-se que o Brasil deve envidar esforços para manter uma política pública de mobilidade acadêmica internacional, mesmo que em dimensões menores e de maneira reformulada / This work, as part of an interdisciplinary proposal of research between complex systems and public policies, intends to provide subsidies for the evaluation of the Brazil Science without Borders (SwB) program, especially in the context of Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I) and internationalization public policies. The program sought to promote the consolidation, expansion and internationalization of Brazilian science and technology, innovation and competitiveness through exchange and international mobility. The research examined the program\'s formulation, implementation and evaluation cycle to investigate whether investment in international academic mobility could be an effective mechanism to foster international scientific collaboration. Firstly, Brazil has two fundamental problems in the field of ST&I: i) deficits in the formation of qualified human resources; and ii) low scientific and technological insertion in the international scenario. Given these problems, the creation of the SwB was part of a solution within a national strategic agenda of improving Brazils standing within the fields of ST&I. From its inception to its conclusion four years later, the program achieved the goal of granting 101,000 exchange scholarships, but went three times over budget. However, SwB had a positive effect by increasing overseas scholarship offerings in all areas (even those not explicitly covered by the program) and did not interfere with the financial resources of the scholarship grants in the country. The use of bibliometric data has shown that the program was able to stimulate and maintain international collaboration among researchers. However, it is not yet possible to state whether the effects are significant or not, so it is necessary to evaluate the influence of the program in different scientific disciplines and in their respective co-authorship networks, as well as other issues derived from the work. Because of specific difficulties in collecting and using data during the evaluation process, this dissertation recommends: i) that expert panels compile groups of keywords that characterize the scientific disciplines; ii) that data on Science without Borders available for visualization also become available for download; and iii) that the Lattes Platform includes in the researchers\' curriculum the option of registering the scholarship program they were linked to. Finally, the paper acknowledges that the Science without Borders program improved the international visibility of Brazils higher education and inserted universities and other Brazilian institutions into international research cooperation programs. In this sense, the author recommends that Brazil should make efforts to maintain such a public policy of international academic mobility, even in a reduced or reformed format