Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1959. / Project completed in 1958. Degree awarded in 1959.

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The efficiency of a 4" x 5" Nal(Tl) scintillation counter for detecting gamma-rays has been measured by a number of experimental techniques, and the results compared with the efficiencies predicted from total absorption cross sections. The experimental techniques involve coincidence measurements of the cascade gamma-rays from a Co-60 source (1.173 MeV and 1.333 MeV), and from the reaction B¹¹(pγγ)C¹² (4.43 MeV and 11.68 MeV). The Co-60 measurements also lead to knowledge of the absolute strength of the sources. For both cascades it was necessary to know the angular correlations between the radiations; for the reaction B¹¹ (pγγ)C¹² a separate investigation of this correlation was made using a 180 KeV accelerator. Computer programs were written to analyze the experimental data, and to calculate the theoretical efficiency estimates, taking into account the collimator and shield geometry. The results of this work define the efficiency of the scintillation counters to better than 5% for a number of gamma-ray energies and a specific geometry. On the other hand, the efficiencies based on the total number of counts in the observed spectra were 20 percent to 40 percent higher than the theoretical efficiencies. The departures from theory depend on the gamma-ray energy and the geometry of the shielding and collimators in such a way that it is not possible to provide a simple basis for relating theoretical efficiencies to the experimental data. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

This thesis is made up of two parts. Part A - describes the construction of a scintillation counter and its operation, as an instrument for use in medical research. Part B - is a study of the stopping of mesons in various absorbers as a preliminary to the investigation of the meson decay process. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1966 H116 / Master of Science

A maximum-likelihood parameter-estimation method is developed that allows the mean of coarsely digitized data to be determined to far greater precision than that inherent in the digital quantization. The method is used to determine the mean responses of photomultiplier tubes in a medical scintillation camera. The mean responses as determined by the estimation scheme are applied to two tasks. The first is the development and construction of a feedback-control loop to stabilize photomultiplier tube responses. The second is a method to characterize the camera face for the construction of a look-up table of maximum a posteriori position estimates used in image acquisition. The implementation of the parameter-estimation algorithm, its applications in both the stabilization of photomultiplier tube response and image look-up table construction, and the analysis of photomultiplier tube statistics, are considered to be the major contributions of the work presented in this thesis. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

Radio signals propagating through the ionised upper atmosphere (the ionosphere) in low latitude regions of the world can experience amplitude scintillation. This could threaten safety-critical applications of satellite navigation such as aviation. The research presented here studied the effects of amplitude scintillation on a Septentrio PolaRxS geodetic receiver and a Garmin 480 aviation receiver by means of a Spirent GNSS constellation simulator. Different types of fade profiles showed that an abrupt drop in signal strength caused a loss of lock on the signal more often than a profile with a slow, gradual fade. A performance comparison of the two receivers demonstrated that the aviation receiver was more vulnerable than the geodetic receiver. An unexpected loss of lock at a specific fade duration and depth was seen with the Garmin receiver and was not explained. A single fade with a long fade duration was more likely to cause a loss of signal lock compared to rapid multiple fades. Scintillation on signals from low elevation satellites can significantly degrade the precision and integrity of the navigation solution in an aviation receiver; especially if the satellites are within the best geometrical set. RAIM was observed to be no longer available during the critical landing approach phase of the scenario, in the case when all satellites in view were affected by the scintillation-induced signal perturbations. A technique was also developed to simulate L5 scintillation based on real scintillation events of L1, in the absence of real captured data for L5. This was done to enable future investigations on aviation receiver performance when both L1 and L5 frequencies experience scintillation. Analysis indicated that L5 signal can be more vulnerable to the scintillation compared to the L1 signal, which may have important implications for aviation safety.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-120).

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