>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The water quality in many Cape Town Rivers and streams is a major challenge. Kuils River is subject to multiple land use impacts from upstream to downstream because of rapid urbanization in its catchment area. The main pollution sources are urban and industrial, organic matter from litter under the road-bridge, and golf course. However no systematic efforts have been made to evaluate and improve the health of the river in term of management. To assess impacts on water quality, this study was conducted from 4th September to 27th November 2012 in 5 selected sites in the upper reach of the Kuils river. The main aim was to compare the health of the river in 2012 with that found in 2005 using physical and chemical characteristics and the South Africa Scoring System (SASS). The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between and within sites. The water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, total dissolved solids (TDS), and salinity were collected in situ by YSI 30 meter. To evaluate nutrient (nitrate and phosphorus) concentrations water samples were analyzed at UWC laboratory using spectrophotometer. In addition human activities, basic conditions (7.13 to 8.76), high total dissolved solids (416 to to 916.5 mg L¯¹) and salinity (0.31 to 0.71 mg L¯¹) concentrations were influenced by Malmesbury shales. Nitrate (0.1 to 3.1 mg L¯¹) and phosphorus (0.11 to 5.27 mg L¯¹) concentrations and the decrease in dissolved oxygen in November 2012 showed eutrophic conditions of the river. In the tributary site phosphorus (1.32 to 3.62 mg L¯¹) concentrations revealed hypertrophic condition compared to South Africa guideline. Macroinvertebrates sampled showed a total of 28 taxa grouped in 11 orders were sampled. Poor habitat diversity and water quality degradation were principal causes of low species diversity. The South Africa Score System version 5 (SASS5) and Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) indicated that the river is seriously impacted in 2012 compared to 2005 where water quality was in poor condition. The SASS and the ASPT scores were less than 50 and 4.2 at all sampling sites in most part of sampling period.

Over the last few years there has been a significant differentiation of medical professions. At the same time their role and position has changed in the nursing process. Genesis of new professions and distribution of employees in the work field, based on their expertise, has led to changes in the work organization in individual departments. Therefore we can encounter highly specialized care in the intensive care departments, which places on its staff a number of specialized requirements. Aim of this thesis was to map the positions of individual workers and especially on the application of medical assistants. The thesis continues on with the issue of setting the optimal amount of nursing staff in the intensive care departments. Outcome of the thesis is that workers under supervision are currently not finding the proper use. However, in the future, we can count on more of these workers, in the intensive care units, to be more needed. Thesis conclusion is dedicated to available options of setting standards in order to calculate the necessary amount of nursing staff. keywords: competence, paramedical professions, headcount optimisation, scoring system in health care nurse, health assistant,

Security research is beneficial for companies that want their system protected against threats to their business. The focus of this project is on security considerations. These considerations are with regards to when companies want to evaluate the benefits of extracting microservices from their monolithic system. The problem with this task is that extracting microservices have potential effects on security. Changing a systems design could lead to potential security risks which need to be considered. This type of problem is on a high difficulty level because of the amount of abstraction and research required to analyze the system regarding the security aspect. Since the problem requires abstractions and analysis of the system both pre and post-extraction it also becomes a big task to complete. The problem is solved with threat modeling and also by using the National Institute of Standards and Technology guidelines and by measuring The Common Misuse Scoring System scores and Return Of Security Investment costs. The results show an increase in security by allowing a function to become a microservice. The increase mainly came from how access changes with the extracted service. The result also showcased that movements towards the cloud meant more security regarding access when compared to the system before a microservice was extracted. The reasoning being that cloud services could provide more access control surface for functions. With the results, the host company and companies with similar software architecture can see how a function will affect security if extracted into a microservice. Further research should be conducted upon a larger pool of microservices. These should then be examined if the trend of security increase keeps occurring. The results can be further examined with penetration testing which puts more practical work upon the theoretical work that was done in this thesis. The research also showcases the adaptability of the National Institute of Standards and Technology guides steps and how similar research regarding security comparisons can be made. / Säkerhetsforskning är essentiellt för företag som vill skydda sig emot attacker som kan skada deras affärsverksamhet. Med detta i åtanke så fokuserar detta projektet på att undersöka överväganden gällande säkerhet när det kommer till att extrahera mikrotjänster från en monolitisk struktur. Att ändra i ett företags system kan potentiellt påverka säkerheten vilket är ett scenario vars effekter måste säkerhetsklassas. Detta säkerhetsproblemet är ett svårt problem att tackla på grund av mängden abstraktion som behövs göras och även på grund av perspektivet som behövs appliceras på abstraktionen. Då abstraktioner behövs göras på företagets system innan och efter en extraktion är utförd innebär det också att problemet är tidskrävande. Rapporten tacklar problemen genom att använda sig av hotmodellering, specifikt National Institute of Standards and Technology guide i hur man utför hotmodellering. NIST har också ett system för att ge värden till attacker som kallas The Common Misuse Scoring System vilket används i projektet för att producera jämförbara mätvärden. Projektet jämför också beräkningar gällande avkastning på säkerhetsinvesteringar. Resultaten visade att molntjänster kan erbjuda mer säkerhet. Med hjälp av resultaten kan Indicio Technologies AB och företag med samma struktur se hur extrahering av en funktion kan påverka säkerheten. Liknande forskning rekommenderas att utföras på större företag där det finns flera färdiga mikrotjänster. En större mängd av mikrotjänster kan bli utvärderade med samma princip som i denna rapport för att se ifall man alltid kan se en ökning av säkerhet. Rapportens resultat kan undersökas vidare med hjälp av praktiska metoder såsom penetrationstestning där mera praktiskt arbete blir utfört på den teoretiska grund som var satt i denna rapporten. Rapporten visade också på en anpassningsförmåga för National Institute of Standards and Technology guiden.

Pinhole leaks in copper plumbing pipes are a big concern for the homeowners. The problem is spread across the nation and remains a threat to plumbing systems of all ages. Due to the absence of a single acceptable mechanistic theory no preventive measure is available to date. Most of the present mechanistic theories are based on analysis of failed pipe samples however an objective comparison with other pipes that did not fail is seldom made. The variability in hydraulic and water quality parameters has made the problem complex and unquantifiable in terms of plumbing susceptibility to pinhole leaks. The present work determines the spatial and temporal spread of pinhole leaks across United States. The hotspot communities are identified based on repair histories and surveys. An assessment of variability in water quality is presented based on nationwide water quality data. A synthesis of causal factors is presented and a scoring system for copper pitting is developed using goal programming. A probabilistic model is presented to evaluate optimal replacement time for plumbing systems. Methodologies for mechanistic modeling based on corrosion thermodynamics and kinetics are presented. / Master of Science

The issue of psychiatric co-morbidity is a serious public health problem occurring more and more frequently in the treatment of addiction and bringing with it various complications and often premature termination of treatment. The scoring system with a fixed set regime is still being used as the main instrument for treatment of addicted clients on the most specialized departments of psychiatric hospitals, although the effectiveness of the scoring system has not yet been clinically verified. The aim of this pilot study is to demonstrate and verify of the individual cases of clients with different categories of dual diagnosis, how they perceive the balance of the sanctions and rewards and fair setting in the context of the scoring system. Other goals are to find out and verify what is the influence of the scoring system on the motivation to change the behavior and success of treatment, what weaknesses clients with dual diagnosis perceive in this system and how they represent the treatment system, which would make them more fit and motivated to change behavior. Further, this study seeks to establish whether difficulties and obstacles on the way to stand up and go through the scoring system are different for individual dual diagnoses. A qualitative approach is used in the research part of the thesis....

[pt] A Internet das Coisas (IoT) se propõe a interligar o mundo físico e a Internet, o que abre a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de diversas aplicações, principalmente na área da saúde. Essas aplicações requerem um grande número de sensores para coletar informações continuamente, gerando grandes fluxos de dados, muitas vezes excessivos, redundantes ou sem significado para as operações do sistema. Essa geração massiva de dados de sensores desperdiça recursos computacionais para adquirir, transmitir, armazenar e processar informações, levando à perda de eficiência desses sistemas ao longo do tempo. Além disso, os dispositivos IoT são projetados para serem pequenos e portáteis, alimentados por baterias, para maior mobilidade e interferência minimizada no ambiente monitorado. No entanto, esse design também resulta em restrições de consumo de energia, tornando a vida útil da bateria um desafio significativo que precisa ser enfrentado. Além disso, esses sistemas geralmente operam em ambientes imprevisíveis, o que pode gerar alarmes redundantes e insignificantes, tornando-os ineficazes. No entanto, um sistema auto-adaptativo que identifica e prevê riscos iminentes através de um sistema de pontuação de alertas antecipados (EWS) pode lidar com esses problemas. Devido ao seu baixo custo de processamento, a referência EWS pode ser incorporada em dispositivos vestíveis e sensores, permitindo um melhor gerenciamento das taxas de amostragem, transmissões, produção de alarmes e consumo de energia. Seguindo a ideia acima, esta tese apresenta uma solução que combina um sistema EWS com um algoritmo auto-adaptativo em aplicações IoT de monitoramento de pacientes. Desta forma, promovendo uma redução na aquisição e transmissão de dados , diminuindo alarmes não acionáveis e proporcionando economia de energia para esses dispositivos. Além disso, projetamos e desenvolvemos um protótipo de hardware capaz de embarcar nossa proposta, evidenciando a sua viabilidade técnica. Além disso, usando nosso protótipo, coletamos dados reais de consumo de energia dos componentes de hardware que foram usados durante nossas simulações com dados reais de pacientes provenientes de banco de dados públicos. Nossos experimentos demonstraram grandes benefícios com essa abordagem, reduzindo em 87 por cento os dados amostrados, em 99 por cento a carga total das mensagens transmitidas do dispositivo de monitoramento, 78 por cento dos alarmes e uma economia de energia de quase 82 por cento. No entanto, a fidelidade do monitoramento do estado clínico dos pacientes apresentou um erro absoluto total médio de 6,8 por cento (mais ou menos 5,5 por cento), mas minimizado para 3,8 por cento (mais ou menos 2,8 por cento) em uma configuração com menores ganhos na redução de dados. A perda de detecção total dos alarmes dependendo da configuração de frequências e janelas de tempo analisadas ficou entre 0,5 por cento e 9,5 por cento, com exatidão do tipo de alarme entre 89 por cento e 94 por cento. Concluindo, este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem para o uso mais eficiente de recursos computacionais, de comunicação e de energia para implementar aplicativos de monitoramento de pacientes baseados em IoT. / [en] The Internet of Things (IoT) proposes to connect the physical world to the Internet, which opens up the possibility of developing various applications, especially in healthcare. These applications require a huge number of sensors to collect information continuously, generating large data flows, often excessive, redundant, or without meaning for the system s operations. This massive generation of sensor data wastes computational resources to acquire, transmit, store, and process information, leading to the loss of efficiency of these systems over time. In addition, IoT devices are designed to be small and portable, powered by batteries, for increased mobility and minimized interference with the monitored environment. However, this design also results in energy consumption restrictions, making battery lifetime a significant challenge that needs to be addressed. Furthermore, these systems often operate in unpredictable environments, which can generate redundant and negligible alarms, rendering them ineffective. However, a self-adaptive system that identifies and predicts imminent risks using early-warning scores (EWS) can cope with these issues. Due to its low processing cost, EWS guidelines can be embedded in wearable and sensor devices, allowing better management of sampling rates, transmissions, alarm production, and energy consumption. Following the aforementioned idea, this thesis presents a solution combining EWS with a self-adaptive algorithm for IoT patient monitoring applications. Thus, promoting a reduction in data acquisition and transmission, decreasing non-actionable alarms, and providing energy savings for these devices. In addition, we designed and developed a hardware prototype capable of embedding our proposal, which attested to its technical feasibility. Moreover, using our wearable prototype, we collected the energy consumption data of hardware components and used them during our simulations with real patient data from public datasets. Our experiments demonstrated great benefits of our approach, reducing by 87 percent the sampled data, 99 percent the total payload of the transmitted messages from the monitoring device, 78 percent of the alarms, and an energy saving of almost 82 percent. However, the fidelity of monitoring the clinical status of patients showed a mean total absolute error of 6.8 percent (plus-minus 5.5 percent) but minimized to 3.8 percent (plus-minus 2.8 percent) in a configuration with lower data reduction gains. The total loss of alarm detection depends on the configuration of frequencies and time windows, remaining between 0.5 percent and 9.5 percent, with an accuracy of the type of alarm between 89 percent and 94 percent. In conclusion, this work presents an approach for more efficient use of computational, communication, and energy resources to implement IoT-based patient monitoring applications.

Die rheumatoide Arthritis ist eine chronisch-entzündliche Bindegewebserkrankung mit symmetrischem Befall der Gelenke. Die genaue Ätiologie ist bisher unbekannt. Aktivierte synoviale Fibroblasten sollen durch gesteigerte Adhäsion und Produktion von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen und Matrix-lysierenden Proteasen maßgeblich an der Gelenkdestruktion beteiligt sein. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ein neues in-vivo-Knorpeldestruktions-Modell zu etablieren, in welchem unter immunkompetenten Bedingungen, die Invasion und Destruktion von Gelenkknorpel durch die Fibroblasten-Zelllinie LS48 über einen längeren Zeitraum simuliert werden kann. Die am Institut für klinische Immunologie der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig etablierte Zelllinie LS48 wurde in die ipsilateralen Kniegelenke von BALB/c-Mäusen injiziert. Die dadurch induzierte Gewebsdestruktion wurde über zehn Wochen in zweiwöchigem Abstand histopathologisch beurteilt und klassifiziert. Als vergleichende Fibroblasten-Zelllinie wurden nicht-invasive NIH/3T3-Zellen eingesetzt. An Hand der Score-Parameter Zellinvasion, Pannusformation und Knorpeldestruktion wurde eine mäßige bis schwer-wiegende Gewebsdestruktion durch die LS48-Zellen bereits ab der zweiten Untersuchungswoche lichtmikroskopisch nachgewiesen, ohne dass dabei pathologische Effekte in den kontralateralen Kniegelenken aufgetreten sind. Polarisationsmikroskopisch wurden für den Parameter Knorpeldestruktion vergleichbare Ergebnisse erzielt. Damit wurde gezeigt, dass das Modell BALB/c LS48 ein erfolgversprechendes Instrument darstellt, das zur Testung neuer therapeutischer Strategien gegen die Gelenkdestruktion verwendet werden kann. Inwieweit die Auseinandersetzung der LS48-Zellen mit dem spezifischen Immunsystem der BALB/c-Maus Auswirkungen auf den Verlauf der Gewebsdestruktion hat, sollte in weiterführenden Experimenten untersucht werden.

Die rheumatoide Arthritis ist eine chronisch-entzündliche Bindegewebserkrankung mit symmetrischem Befall der Gelenke. Die genaue Ätiologie ist bisher unbekannt. Aktivierte synoviale Fibroblasten sollen durch gesteigerte Adhäsion und Produktion von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen und Matrix-lysierenden Proteasen maßgeblich an der Gelenkdestruktion beteiligt sein. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ein neues in-vivo-Knorpeldestruktions-Modell zu etablieren, in welchem unter immunkompetenten Bedingungen, die Invasion und Destruktion von Gelenkknorpel durch die Fibroblasten-Zelllinie LS48 über einen längeren Zeitraum simuliert werden kann. Die am Institut für klinische Immunologie der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig etablierte Zelllinie LS48 wurde in die ipsilateralen Kniegelenke von BALB/c-Mäusen injiziert. Die dadurch induzierte Gewebsdestruktion wurde über zehn Wochen in zweiwöchigem Abstand histopathologisch beurteilt und klassifiziert. Als vergleichende Fibroblasten-Zelllinie wurden nicht-invasive NIH/3T3-Zellen eingesetzt. An Hand der Score-Parameter Zellinvasion, Pannusformation und Knorpeldestruktion wurde eine mäßige bis schwer-wiegende Gewebsdestruktion durch die LS48-Zellen bereits ab der zweiten Untersuchungswoche lichtmikroskopisch nachgewiesen, ohne dass dabei pathologische Effekte in den kontralateralen Kniegelenken aufgetreten sind. Polarisationsmikroskopisch wurden für den Parameter Knorpeldestruktion vergleichbare Ergebnisse erzielt. Damit wurde gezeigt, dass das Modell BALB/c LS48 ein erfolgversprechendes Instrument darstellt, das zur Testung neuer therapeutischer Strategien gegen die Gelenkdestruktion verwendet werden kann. Inwieweit die Auseinandersetzung der LS48-Zellen mit dem spezifischen Immunsystem der BALB/c-Maus Auswirkungen auf den Verlauf der Gewebsdestruktion hat, sollte in weiterführenden Experimenten untersucht werden.:Bibliographische Zusammenfassung II Inhaltsverzeichnis III Abkürzungsverzeichnis IV 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Rheumatische Erkrankungen 1 1.2 Die rheumatoide Arthritis 2 1.2.1 Immunologische Grundlagen der rheumatoiden Arthritis 2 1.2.1.1 Hypothese der Fibroblasten-Abhängigkeit 3 1.2.1.2 Hypothese der T-Zell-Abhängigkeit 4 1.3 Allgemeine Anatomie und Histologie des Kniegelenks 6 1.4 Die Histopathologie der rheumatoiden Arthritis 9 1.4.1 Verschiedene Synovialmembrantypen bei rheumatoider Arthritis 10 1.5 Tiermodelle zur Untersuchung der rheumatoiden Arthritis 11 1.5.1 Das Tiermodell der Fibroblasten-induzierten Gelenkdestruktion in der BALB/c-Maus 12 1.6 Histopathologische Score-Systeme der rheumatoiden Arthritis in Tiermodellen 13 1.7 Ziel 13 1.7.1 Fragestellungen 14 2 Material und Methoden 16 2.1 Zelllinien und Versuchstiere 16 2.1.1 Die Fibroblasten-Zelllinie NIH/3T3 16 2.1.2 Die Fibroblasten-Zelllinie LS48 16 2.1.3 Die BALB/c-Maus 17 2.2 Tierversuchsplan 18 2.3 Zellkultur 19 2.3.1 Geräte und Verbrauchsmaterialien 19 2.3.2 Reagenzien 20 2.3.3 Durchführung 21 2.4 Isolation der murinen Kniegelenke 22 2.5 Histologische Aufarbeitung 23 2.5.1 Geräte und Verbrauchsmaterialien 23 2.5.2 Reagenzien 24 2.5.3 Entkalkung, Entwässerung, Einbettung und Schneiden der Präparate 26 2.5.4 Azanfärbung nach Heidenhain (Kernechtrubin-Anillinblau-Orange G-Färbung) 27 2.6 Klassifikation mit dem Durchlichtmikroskop für das Modell der Fibroblasten-induzierten Knorpeldestruktion (Balb/c-LS48) 29 2.7 Klassifikation mit dem Polarisationsmikroskop für das Modell der Fibroblasten-induzierten Knorpeldestruktion (Balb/c-LS48) 29 2.8 Statistik 30 3 Ergebnisse 31 3.1 Score-Erhebung mit dem Lichtmikroskop für das Modell der Fibroblasten-induzierten Knorpeldestruktion (BALB/c-LS48) 31 3.1.1 Bewertungsmodus für den Score-Parameter Zellinvasion 32 3.1.2 Bewertungsmodus für den Score-Parameter Pannusformation 35 3.1.3 Bewertungsmodus für den Score-Parameter Knorpeldestruktion 38 3.2 Datenanalyse der lichtmikroskopisch untersuchten Parameter Zellinvasion, Pannusformation und Knorpeldestruktion für das Modell der Fibroblasten-induzierten Knorpeldestruktion (BALB/c-LS48) 41 3.2.1 Zellinvasion 41 3.2.2 Pannusformation 45 3.2.3 Knorpeldestruktion 48 3.2.4 Gesamtscore 51 3.3 Score-Erhebung mit dem Polarisationsmikroskop für das Modell der Fibroblasten-induzierten Knorpeldestruktion (BALB/c-LS48) 56 3.3.1 Bewertungsmodus für den Score-Parameter Knorpeldestruktion 56 3.4 Datenanalyse des polarisationsmikroskopisch untersuchten Parameters Knorpel-destruktion für das Modell der Fibroblasten-induzierten Knorpeldestruktion (BALB/c-LS48) 59 3.5 Statistischer Vergleich der licht- und polarisationsmikroskopischen Analysemethoden für den Parameter Knorpeldestruktion 62 3.6 Statistischer Vergleich der medialen und lateralen histologischen Sagittalschnitte der Kniegelenke 63 4 Diskussion 64 4.1 Die Bedeutung der histopathologischen Score-Parameter für das Modell der Fibroblasten-induzierten Gelenkdestruktion in der BALB/c-Maus 65 4.1.1 Der Score-Parameter Zellinvasion 65 4.1.1.1 Die pathophysiologische Bedeutung des Score-Parameters Zellinvasion 67 4.1.1.2 Interpretation der lichtmikroskopischen Befunde des Score-Parameters Zellinvasion für die Zelllinie LS48 im ipsilateralen Kniegelenk im Verlauf von zehn Wochen 69 4.1.2 Der Score-Parameter Pannusformation 70 4.1.2.1 Die pathophysiologische Bedeutung des Score-Parameters Pannusformation 71 4.1.2.2 Interpretation der lichtmikroskopischen Befunde des Score-Parameters Pannusformation für die Zelllinie LS48 im ipsilateralen Kniegelenk im Verlauf von zehn Wochen 73 4.1.3 Der Score-Parameter Knorpeldestruktion 74 4.1.3.1 Die pathophysiologische Bedeutung des Score-Parameters Knorpeldestruktion 75 4.1.3.2 Interpretation der lichtmikroskopischen Befunde des Score-Parameters Knorpeldestruktion für die Zelllinie LS48 im ipsilateralen Kniegelenk im Verlauf von zehn Wochen 76 4.1.4 Interpretation des lichtmikroskopisch erhobenen Gesamtscores für das Knorpeldestruktionsmodell (BALB/c-LS48) im ipsilateralen Kniegelenk im Verlauf von zehn Wochen 78 4.1.4.1 Verlaufsvergleich zu anderen Tiermodellen 81 4.2 Die histopathologischen Auswirkungen der Zelllinien LS48 und NIH/3T3 im ipsilateralen Kniegelenk der BALB/c-Maus im Vergleich 83 4.3 Vergleich der medialen und lateralen Sagittalebenen der histologischen Präparate der Kniegelenke 85 4.4 Beurteilung histopathologischer Veränderungen in den kontralateralen Kniegelenken im Verlauf von zehn Wochen 86 4.5 Vergleich der licht- und polarisationsmikroskopischen Untersuchungsergebnisse 87 4.6 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick 89 Zusammenfassung 94 Literaturverzeichnis 99 Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis 116 Eigenständigkeitserklärung VIII Danksagung IX