Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of St Andrews, March 2008.

Thesis (M.Phil.) - University of St Andrews, June 2009.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Akron, Dept. of History, 2006. / "December, 2006." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 08/20/2007) Advisor, Elizabeth Mancke; Faculty reader, Michael Graham; Department Chair, Walter Hixson; Dean of the College, Ronald F. Levant; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis examines the Scottish Presbyterian Churches anti-Irish campaign in the inter-war period with particular emphasis on the governmental response. It can, and has been, argued that the Church campaign was driven more by sectarian sentiment than by any other motive, however, the Church made a determined attempt to make their case on racial grounds. Discredited as those theories now are this thesis will carefully examine intellectual basis of the Church’s case. It has not thus far been considered how much the Church’s arguments were influenced by academic opinion in the United States and by the American experience of immigration restriction. It has also been argued that politically the campaign was a failure as no measures to restrict Irish immigration were ever imposed. Equally, it has been held that politicians of all parties were either hostile or indifferent to the Church campaign. It will be demonstrated here that this was far from the case and that the Church had its supporters on all sides of the political divide and that at various times the issue was seriously considered by Governments whether Unionist, Labour or National and that arguments for restriction did not emanate solely from the Scottish Churches or indeed solely from Scotland.

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This thesis is concerned with the impact of coal mining activities upon the coastal zone of southeast Fife. Coastal changes over a 100 year period from 1894 to 1996 have been evaluated by determining the plan variation of the High Water and Low Water datum recorded on different editions of large scale Ordnance Survey (O.S.) Plans of the area. Deposition and erosion implied by the movement of the tidal datum are related to the longshore dispersal of spoil deposition from the coastal bings (1) and to mining subsidence. Mining subsidence is evaluated using the Surface Deformation Prediction System (SDPS), previously used at sites in the United States, and now applied for the first time to a United Kingdom coalfield. A new technique is developed that enables the subsidence values to be generated along O.S. co-ordinates at 10m intervals. Subsidence values are recorded with an accuracy of ±20% along the tidal marks of 1894, 1914, 1960, 1994 and 1996. Between Buckhaven and Dysart the coastline is found to have subsided with only small pockets having been left unaffected. Indeed, in the West Sands Bay area a subsidence trough with a maximum of 5.7+l.lm is calculated. The extent of recent coastal erosion along the shore can be seen to correlate with predicted subsidence over different mining panels and thus confirms the importance of this factor upon the coastal process in south-east Fife. These results are reinforced by comparing bench-mark heights against subsidence values producing a correlation coefficient of 0.9. The state of the pre-mining coastline is evaluated using historic documents and photographs. This provides a starting point for evaluating the changes wrought on the coastline by the large scale mining activities which commenced about 1898 and terminated with the closure of the Frances colliery in 1984. Following this, the extent of coastal change from the analysis of O.S Plans is presented. Subsequent chapters evaluate the possible factors which may have caused the observed coastal changes including long term changes, land uplift or subsidence following the last glaciation, mining activities and possible sea level changes due to global warming. To ensure the greatest possible accuracy in the determination of coastal changes against subsidence data a rigorous GIS is employed to analyse both map and mining data allowing for registrations to be obtained between the different surveys. This involves the manipulation of both vector and raster data from the O.S. plans and the SDPS software requiring the laborious and lime consuming transfer of data between different computer platforms. Despite this caveat this novel method is demonstrated, in the thesis, to be a flexible and precise method which can be applied to any given site for the accurate prediction of mining subsidence. 1: Bing is the Scottish phrase for slag heap.

This thesis examines the changing patterns of mortality in Scotland, with particular emphasis on whether there are widening mortality inequalities among small areas in Scotland. The annual number of deaths in Scotland has decreased steadily since the 1950s, yet mortality rates in Scotland are amongst the highest in Europe for many causes. Furthermore, mortality from some causes, such as suicide, has been increasing over time, particularly among young adults. Evidence suggests that inequalities in mortality have widened over time in Scotland, despite substantial investment in policies aimed at reducing inequalities. Therefore, it is important to seek geographical clues that might help explain what causes these high mortality rates. The changing patterns in Scottish mortality between 1980 and 2001 were examined for small areas, created by the author, known as Consistent Areas Through Time (CATTs). These areas have the same boundaries for each census, so that direct comparisons over time are possible. In this study, CATTs have been used to investigate three aspects of the mortality gap in Scotland. First, the widening mortality gaps between 1980-1982 and 1999-2001 are examined for the total population and for premature mortality (<65 years). Second, the influence that geographic scale and deprivation have on the relationship between population change and premature mortality are assessed. Third, suicide inequalities are examined for the younger (15-44 years), older (45+) and total population, using mortality ratios and statistical modelling. The research found that inequalities in premature mortality (< 65) have widened for all causes of death studied, particularly for suicide. The negative association between mortality and population change was affected by geographic scale, but this relationship could not be fully explained by deprivation. Small area analyses found that the Highlands and Islands had higher suicide rates than elsewhere in Scotland for males, but not females, when social variables were controlled for.

The Lewisian of Barra has been found to comprise foliated orthogeneisses ranging; in composition from basic amphibolites, pyroxene and hornblende granulites and intermediate amphibole-bearing quartzo-feldspathic rooks to more acid gneisses of dioritic and granitic composition. It includes some inter-foliated acid rocks which may be paragneisses. The whole complex is cut by the Hebridean Thrust and the petrography of some strongly magnetic gneisses associated with the Thrust belt has also been described. The gneisses were intruded at an early stage by basic dykes, represented by rooks ranging from amphibolites to pyroxene granulite in composition. Cross-cutting relationships between Lewisian dykes and rectilinear quartzo-feldspathic pegmatite veins consider to have been injected along axial planes of folds are used to relate the phases of dyke instrusion and migmatization to the overall tootonic sequence. Structural analysis has been carried out on planner and linear fabric date recorded on a base map on the scale of 1:0, 560, from thin section and also from the attitudes of structural elements recorded from selected localities in which the structure is particularly well exposed. Data recorded on the map have been considered separately from the following areas; the total area mapped; areas on each side of the main Thrust outcrop; areas exposing large scale structures; several small areas defined by an arbitrarily located grid to the west of the main thrust outcrop. Form the results of the structural analysis and from consideration of structural relationship in the field a tectonic sequence has been determined. The first recognizable event after the formation of the original banding was the development of isoclinal folding, followed by regional metamorphism in the amphibolites facies and succeeded in turn by the emplacement of basic to intermediate intrusions. Three successive phases of intrusion hive been recognized here. Next, folding took place on axes now trending at 30°followed by boudinage and agmatite formation and three further phases of basic intrusions. Part of the overthrust sheet exposed on the east coast was then subjected to regional metamorphism up to pyroxene granulite grade. Movement on the Hebridean thrust probably began soon after this, end asymmetrical folding about axes now plunging to 350 °established the present general orientation of the foliation and produced axial planar traces which trend south-east. The gneisses were then folded about sub-horizontal axes trending at to 150°, prior to strong folding about sub-horizontal axes trending at 100 °which resulted in the present dominant fold pattern. Finally, very open folding took place about 60 °trending axes. Except during the last fold period, migmatization was associated with all the folding and followed by pegmatite injection parallel to fold axial planes. Style has not been found to be a reliable guide to the chronological classification of folds. Open signoidal tension gashes related to the thrusting indicate that this movement continued after the final folding, and show the trusting to have beta directed to the west at an angle of elevation of between 5°and 10°, A comparison on has been wade between the structure of this area and that discussed in some published work on the Lewisian elsewhere in the Outer Isles and the Scottish Mainland. The petrogrphy and metamorphism of six phases of Lewisian dyke intrusives have been studied, and various possible mechanisms to account for dyke reorientation by sheer have boon examined in conjunction with the field relationships of these bodies. It is concluded that the intrusives have not been substantially reorientated with respect to the foliation since their emplacement a discussion is presented on the effects of ana texis on basic, intermediate and acid, gneisses, on the employment of quartzo-feldspathic pegmatite veins, and on the formation of boudinage and agmatite. Three relative ages of pegmatites have been distinguished early coarse quartzo-feldspathic pegmatites with dark feldspars, later pink quartzo-feldspathic pegmatites and late white quartzosc pegmatites.

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