Graduation date: 1979

Thesis--Oregon State University. / Photocopy of typescript. Ann Arbor, Mich. : Xerox University Microfilms, 1976. -- 21 cm. Bibliography: leaves 126-129.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1984. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-80).

This study is about the data analysis of wind speed on sea surface, water temperature, atmospheric temperature, and sea waves observations from four buoy stations (Hua-Lian , Hsin-Chu , E-Luuan-Bi and Kin-Men) that belong to Central Weather Bureau Republic of China and Water Resources Agency, and related researches. The period of this study is in winter and summer from 2001 to 2003. Because of the shelter effect from building or hillocks in land, the wind speed on land is abated and not consistent with that on sea. Comparing data form two island stations ( Dongjido and Lanyu) and four buoy stations, the winds around Taiwan are almost the same. That means the monsoon controls the wind direction in summers and winters. Comparing the quantitative results from different wind speed areas in same period of time, the continuity of sea wind is better than that of land wind, especially best in west Taiwan. Also comparing the changes of wind speed in different atmospheric stability layers, wind is stronger in neural than others. Wind speed distribution also showed wind speeds increased when it is far from land, and sea breeze happened near land within 1-2 kilometer. Sea temperature and wind speed are the factors affecting stability. The diurnal variation of air temperature is greater than that of sea and diurnal variation of sea is more significant during winter. Especially along coastal in Eastern Taiwan, the temperature difference between sea and atmosphere could be greater than 10 ¢J, moreover the wind speed on sea surface in Hua-Lian is slow. Therefore, it caused more unstable on sea surface in Hua-Lian. waves could be classified into two types by wave age: swell and wind sea. Swell means because of passing long fetch, the weave height and wave period are saturated and no longer develop. It can¡¦t reveal the effects of sea wind on waves. Therefore, if swell is the major composition of waves, the inaccuracy of calculated stress would be large. On the contrary, when wind sea is the major composition of waves, roughness could be calculated by wave steepness. While analyzing coefficient of momentum flux on sea surface near Taiwan, gust factor under neutral and unstable conditions had different. Gust factor would change with wind speed under neutral condition, but change with stability under unstable condition. In neutral condition, wind speed and drag coefficient are direct proportion and then correlation among p of power law of wind profile, turbulence intensity and gust factor under neutral condition and strong wind are similar, the value close to 0.1.

Temperature microstructure observations obtained in Howe Sound are presented and related to their oceanographic context, In some instances, two free-falling probes have been launched simultaneously with separations of 10 to 20 m at the surface in an attempt to look at the lateral extent of temperature microstructure features. Patches of temperature gradient variance were found where the gradient presented peak values of both signs at smaller scales. These patches were usually observed by one probe only and seem to extend laterally over less than 20 m. In other instances the peak gradient values took mostly the same sign within a given patch. Such patches were usually detected by both probes, indicating that their horizontal extent is significantly larger than 20 m. These types of temperature microstructure are also discussed in terms of mechanisms that could provide an explanation for their existence. In Howe Sound's Inner Basin, the Deep Water occasionally receives large influxes of water from the Strait of Georgia. Otherwise, it stays essentially trapped behind a 75 m deep sill and becomes more homogeneous with time. A model is presented which relates the rate at which temperature becomes homogeneous to temperature gradient variance and the molecular coefficient of heat diffusion. Other parts of the water column are discussed in terms of the Osborn-Cox (1972) model of vertical heat transport. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Unknown

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, 1979. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 114-116. / by Daniel Allen Galson. / M.S.

Una característica propia de las precipitaciones en el área del Mediterráneo Occidental es la torrencialidad. En el marco de unas precipitaciones anuales no muy abundantes, típicas del clima mediterráneo, se registran fenómenos de precipitaciones torrenciales intensas en muchas zonas del Mediterráneo Occidental que provocan grandes daños económicos e incluso, en ocasiones, víctimas. La cuenca mediterránea está conformada por un mar profundo y semicerrado rodeado por una serie de cadenas montañosas, especialmente en su mitad occidental. Esta configuración favorece el desarrollo de una dinámica atmosférica propia con algunos comportamientos particulares de esta región. Uno de los factores que pueden ser importantes en la génesis y desarrollo de las precipitaciones torrenciales es la interacción entre el mar y la atmósfera con intercambios de humedad y calor que pueden inestabilizar la masa de aire que se desplaza sobre el mar. El Mediterráneo es un mar semicerrado con una circulación propia y poco intercambio de masas de agua con otros mares u océanos. A partir de datos de satélites se ha elaborado una climatología de la temperatura superficial del Mediterráneo y se ha estudiado sus patrones de distribución espacial en las diferentes épocas del año. Como resultado de este análisis, se ha determinado la existencia de dos regímenes principales de distribución de la temperatura superficial de mar en las épocas invernal y estival, con dos periodos de transición entre ambas en primavera y otoño. A partir del conocimiento de la climatología de la temperatura superficial del mar y, especialmente, de su distribución espacial se han seleccionado tres eventos de precipitaciones torrenciales en la Comunidad Valenciana para estudiar el efecto de las diferentes distribuciones de temperatura del mar en la simulación de las lluvias torrenciales. Para ello, se ha seleccionado episodios de lluvia correspondientes a los regímenes invernal, estival y de transición en otoño. Para todos los eventos se ha realizado una simulación de control con los datos de temperatura superficial del mar originales que actúa como simulación de control. Posteriormente se ha realizado simulaciones de cada evento en las que se perturbaba la temperatura superficial del mar en las zonas por las que se desplazaba la masa de aire que originaba las lluvias torrenciales a lo largo de su trayectoria en los días previos. Se ha comprobado en los resultados del modelo meteorológico que la variación de la temperatura superficial del mar en determinadas zonas, indicadas por su régimen de distribución espacial, provoca importantes cambios en la precipitación acumulada. Se ha podido identificar, por tanto, la existencia de áreas de recarga donde la interacción mar-atmósfera favorece el desarrollo de precipitaciones torrenciales en diferentes puntos de la cuenca mediterránea, en este caso la Comunidad Valenciana. / Torrentiality is a known feature of rainfall in the Western Mediterranean. As part of a typical Mediterranean climate, heavy rain events are recorded in many areas of the Western Mediterranean that cause major economic damage and even sometimes human casualties. The Mediterranean basin is formed by a deep and almost closed sea and surrounded by a series of mountain ranges, especially in its western basin. This configuration favors the development of its own atmospheric dynamic behavior. A main factor in the genesis and development of torrential rainfall are the ocean and atmosphere exchanges of moisture and heat that can destabilize the air mass that travels over the sea. The Mediterranean is a semi-enclosed sea with its own oceanic circulation and little exchange of water masses with other seas. A surface temperature climatology of the Mediterranean has been built from satellite data so its spatial distribution patterns have been studied. As a result of this analysis, we have determined the existence of two main distribution modes for sea surface temperature in winter and summer, with transitional periods in spring and autumn. From the knowledge of sea surface temperature climatology and, especially, from its spatial distribution three heavy precipitation events have been selected in Valencia to study the effect of different sea temperature distributions in the simulation of torrential rains. To this end, we selected rainfall events for winter and summer regimes and for fall transition. For all events a simulation with the unperturbed sea surface temperature data was performed as control simulation. Then, simulations of each event were run in which sea surface temperature was modified in areas along the air mass path. It has been found that the variation of sea surface temperature in certain areas, indicated by its spatial distribution scheme, causes significant changes in the precipitation accumulated in the simulation. Therefore, the existence of recharge areas where the air-sea interaction favors the development of torrential rainfall in different parts of the Mediterranean, in this case Valencia, has been shown.