Background Long-term side effects associated with the treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) have frequently been reported during the last decades. Studies have shown increased mortality in HL survivors. Following Hodgkin’s lymphoma, second malignancies (SM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are the most common causes of death in individuals treated for HL. This study investigates the incidence of side effects such as SM, CVD and infections in a cohort diagnosed with HL in Sweden between 1965 and 1995. In addition, this study identifies covariate risk factors for late side effects in order to develop strategies that prevent morbidity and mortality in HL survivors. Methods Using the Swedish Cancer Registry (SCR) at the National Board of Health and Welfare and the Multi-Generation Registry at Statistics (MGR) Sweden, we identified 6946 individuals diagnosed with HL between the years 1965 and 1995, and their first degree relatives (FDR) (n=17 858). In addition we identified the malignancies and inpatient care for CVD and infections for the HL cohort and their FDR. The standard incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated for the risk of SM, CVD and infections. For SM and CVD the risk also was stratified and calculated for family history of disease. The Swedish Hodgkin Intervention and Prevention study (SHIP), a prospective study, invited 702 individuals treated for HL at the age of 45 years or younger and who were treated in the region of Skåne, Uppsala or Umeå. The participants completed a questionnaire and were invited to an out-patient visit to an oncologist with clinical examination and blood tests. Any pathological findings were referred for further investigation. Results An increased risk for SM in HL long-term survivors was observed and seems to increase with the number of FDRs with cancer. There was also an increased risk for inpatient care due to congestive heart failure (CHF) and coronary artery disease (CAD). A family history of CHF and CAD further increased the risk for these diseases. The risk for inpatient care due to infections was increased and remained increased after 20 years or longer. The risk for infections was associated with splenectomy and hypothyroidism. Radiotherapy was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the cohort of the prospective study. ConclusionLong-term survivors from HL have an increased risk for developing late side effects such as SM, CVD and infections. Since many HL patients are young and the cure rate from the disease is high, it is of great importance to offer focused surveillance programs to selected individuals who are at high risk, e.g. individuals who received radiotherapy as part of their treatment and who have other known risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, family history and smoking.

As Síndromes mielodisplásicas (SMD) são doenças clonais da célula progenitora hematopoética, cursando com citopenias, medula óssea displástica e tendência à evolução para leucemia. As SMD secundárias estão associadas a fatores de risco como doenças congênitas (Anemia de Fanconi), doenças hematológicas adquiridas (aplasia medular, HPN), exposição à quimioterápicos (alquilantes, inibidores de topoisomerase II) e radioterapia e substâncias químicas (benzeno, petróleo). Agentes imunossupressores associados ou não a fatores hemopoéticos particularmente utilizados para tratamento da Aplasia medular também se associam à SMD secundária. A OMS recentemente adotou o termo síndrome mielodisplásica/neoplasia mielóde (SMD/NM) relacionada à terapêutica para englobar casos de neoplasias mielóides que preencham critérios morfológicos não somente de SMD, mas também de leucemia mielóide aguda (LMA) ou neoplasias mieloproliferativas. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar dados clínicos, morfológicos e citogenéticos de 42 portadores de SMD/NM secundária em uma coorte de pacientes diagnosticados no SH-HCFMUSP no período de 1987 a 2008. Vinte e três pacientes (54,8%) eram homens, com mediana de idade de 53,5 (4-88) anos. 45,2% eram portadores de doenças onco-hematológicas, 26,2% de anemia aplástica, 14,3% de tumores sólidos e 14,3% de outras doenças (auto-imunes e transplante de órgãos sólidos). 33% dos pacientes utilizaram exclusivamente QT, 26% combinação QT e RT, 2% RT isolada e 28% agentes imunossupressores. Cinco (11,9%) pacientes haviam sido submetidos a TCTH autólogo para tratamento de doença oncohematológica prévia. A mediana da latência entre a doença primária e a SMD secundária foi de 85 meses (23- 221 meses). Oito pacientes foram submetidos ao TCTH alogênico aparentado para tratamento da SMD secundária. Anemia, neutropenia, plaquetopenia e blastos circulantes foram observados em 64,3%, 54,8%, 78,6% e 26,2% dos casos respectivamente. Cerca de 1/3 dos aspirados medulares apresentavam hemodiluição, 29,7% apresentavam hipocelularidade global, 62,2% apresentavam contagem de blastos superior a 5% e 14,3% sideroblastos em anel acima de 15%. Displasia da série eritróide, granulocítica e megacariocítica foi observada em 79,4%, 77,1% e 68,2% dos casos respectivamente. A histologia medular realizada em 22 casos revelou hipocelularidade global, ALIPs e nódulos linfóides em 9,1%, 23,8% e 40,9% dos casos. A detecção por imunoistoquímica de células CD34>1%, CD117>1%, agrupamento de células CD34+ e de CD117+ e da proteína p53+ foi observada respectivamente em 77,2%, 82,3%, 59%, 29,4% e 33,3% dos casos. Anormalidades clonais foram observadas em 84,3% dos casos, com grande predomínio das não balanceadas (96%), sendo 37% com monossomia 7, 44,4% cariótipos complexos e 18% com outras anormalidades . A mediana de sobrevida de sobrevida global foi de 5,7 meses, pacientes submetidos ao TCTH alogênico para tratamento da SMD/NM secundária tiveram mediana de 40 meses (p=0,007). Fatores associados à pior sobrevida incluíram: doença oncohematológica prévia, baixa contagem plaquetária, elevação de DHL e ferritina, presença de células CD117+ agrupadas, imunoexpressão positiva da p53, citogenética anormal, IPSS intermediário II ou alto risco. Nenhum parâmetro estudado do aspirado medular se associou à sobrevida. Houve tendência à associação da imunoexpressão positiva de p53 a cariótipo anormal e IPSS de maior risco. Não se observou associação entre a presença de ALIP, porcentagem de blastos na morfologia medular e células CD34+ e CD117+. Estes dados reforçam a importância da análise citogenética e da imunoistoquímica da biópsia de medula óssea para diagnóstico e prognóstico das SMD secundárias e do TCTH alogênico no seu tratamento. Mais estudos com maior número de casos devem ser realizados para confirmar a importância do escore IPSS na SMD secundárias, provavelmente substituindo a porcentagem de blastos ao aspirado medular, pela presença de células precursoras detectadas por imunoistoquímica / Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders, characterized by cytopenias, dysplastic bone marrow (BM) and propensity to progress to acute myeloid leukemia. Secondary MDS are associated with risk factors such as congenital disorders (Fanconis anemia), acquired bone marrow failures, exposure to chemotherapy (alkylating agents, topoisomerase II inhibitors) agents and radiation and chemicals (benzene, petroleum). Immunosuppressive agents associated with hematopoietic growth factors are also associated with secondary MDS. The WHO classification has recently adopted the term therapy-related myeloid neoplasms for cases of myeloid malignancies that fulfill morphological criteria not only for MDS but also for AML or myeloproliferative neoplasms.The aim of the study was to analyze clinical, morphological and cytogenetic features of 42 patients with secondary MDS/MN in a cohort of patients diagnosed at our institution from 1987 to 2008. 23 patients (54.8%) were male, median age 53.5 (4-88) years. 45.2% had primary hematologic malignancies, 26.2% aplastic anemia, 14.3% solid tumors and 14.3% other diseases (autoimmune diseases and solid organ transplantation). 33% had undergone chemotherapy alone, 2% RT alone, 26% both modalities and 28% immunosuppressive agents. Five (11.9%) patients had undergone autologous HSCT for treatment of previous malignancies. The median latency between the primary disease and secondary MDS/MN was 85 (23-221) months. Eight patients underwent allogeneic HSCT (allo- HSCT) for treatment of related secondary MDS. Anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and peripheral blasts were observed in 64.3%, 54.8%, 78.6% and 26.2%, respectively. BM aspirates was poorly representative in 1/3 of cases, 29.7% global hypocellularity, 62.2% more than 5% of blast counts and 14.3% more than 15% of ring sideroblasts. Dysplasia in erythroid, granulocytic and megakaryocytic series was observed in 79.4%, 77.1% and 68.2%, respectively. Twenty two BM biopsies were performed. Global hypocellularity, ALIP and lymphoid nodules were shown in 9.1%, 23.8% and 40.9%. The immunohistochemistry showed more than 1% of CD34+ and CD117+ cells, clusters of CD34+ and CD117+ and immunoexpression of p53 protein in 77.2%, 82.3%, 59%, 29.4% and 33.3%, respectively. Clonal abnormalities were observed in 84.3% of cases with high prevalence of unbalanced (96%) rearrangements. 37% showed monosomy 7 and 44.4% complex karyotypes. The median overall survival was 5.7 for all patients and 40 months for patients treated with allo-HSCT (P=0.007). Hematologic malignancies, low platelet count, serum high LDH and ferritin, detection of CD117+ clusters, positive immunoexpression of p53, abnormal cytogenetics, intermediate-II or high-risk IPSS groups were associated with poor survival. No parameter studied from bone marrow aspirate had impact in survival. p53 expression was associated to abnormal karyotype (P=0.092) and IPSS risk (P=0.054). There was no association between the presence of ALIP, BM blast counts and immunoexpression of CD34+ and CD117+. Our study shows that cytogenetic analysis and BM immunohistochemistry are very important in diagnosis and prognosis, and that allo-HSCT could improve the survival of secondary MDS/MN. More studies with larger numbers of cases should be conducted to confirm the importance of the IPSS for secondary MDS, probably replacing the bone marrow aspirate blast counts by the immunohistochemistry detection of precursor cells

As Síndromes mielodisplásicas (SMD) são doenças clonais da célula progenitora hematopoética, cursando com citopenias, medula óssea displástica e tendência à evolução para leucemia. As SMD secundárias estão associadas a fatores de risco como doenças congênitas (Anemia de Fanconi), doenças hematológicas adquiridas (aplasia medular, HPN), exposição à quimioterápicos (alquilantes, inibidores de topoisomerase II) e radioterapia e substâncias químicas (benzeno, petróleo). Agentes imunossupressores associados ou não a fatores hemopoéticos particularmente utilizados para tratamento da Aplasia medular também se associam à SMD secundária. A OMS recentemente adotou o termo síndrome mielodisplásica/neoplasia mielóde (SMD/NM) relacionada à terapêutica para englobar casos de neoplasias mielóides que preencham critérios morfológicos não somente de SMD, mas também de leucemia mielóide aguda (LMA) ou neoplasias mieloproliferativas. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar dados clínicos, morfológicos e citogenéticos de 42 portadores de SMD/NM secundária em uma coorte de pacientes diagnosticados no SH-HCFMUSP no período de 1987 a 2008. Vinte e três pacientes (54,8%) eram homens, com mediana de idade de 53,5 (4-88) anos. 45,2% eram portadores de doenças onco-hematológicas, 26,2% de anemia aplástica, 14,3% de tumores sólidos e 14,3% de outras doenças (auto-imunes e transplante de órgãos sólidos). 33% dos pacientes utilizaram exclusivamente QT, 26% combinação QT e RT, 2% RT isolada e 28% agentes imunossupressores. Cinco (11,9%) pacientes haviam sido submetidos a TCTH autólogo para tratamento de doença oncohematológica prévia. A mediana da latência entre a doença primária e a SMD secundária foi de 85 meses (23- 221 meses). Oito pacientes foram submetidos ao TCTH alogênico aparentado para tratamento da SMD secundária. Anemia, neutropenia, plaquetopenia e blastos circulantes foram observados em 64,3%, 54,8%, 78,6% e 26,2% dos casos respectivamente. Cerca de 1/3 dos aspirados medulares apresentavam hemodiluição, 29,7% apresentavam hipocelularidade global, 62,2% apresentavam contagem de blastos superior a 5% e 14,3% sideroblastos em anel acima de 15%. Displasia da série eritróide, granulocítica e megacariocítica foi observada em 79,4%, 77,1% e 68,2% dos casos respectivamente. A histologia medular realizada em 22 casos revelou hipocelularidade global, ALIPs e nódulos linfóides em 9,1%, 23,8% e 40,9% dos casos. A detecção por imunoistoquímica de células CD34>1%, CD117>1%, agrupamento de células CD34+ e de CD117+ e da proteína p53+ foi observada respectivamente em 77,2%, 82,3%, 59%, 29,4% e 33,3% dos casos. Anormalidades clonais foram observadas em 84,3% dos casos, com grande predomínio das não balanceadas (96%), sendo 37% com monossomia 7, 44,4% cariótipos complexos e 18% com outras anormalidades . A mediana de sobrevida de sobrevida global foi de 5,7 meses, pacientes submetidos ao TCTH alogênico para tratamento da SMD/NM secundária tiveram mediana de 40 meses (p=0,007). Fatores associados à pior sobrevida incluíram: doença oncohematológica prévia, baixa contagem plaquetária, elevação de DHL e ferritina, presença de células CD117+ agrupadas, imunoexpressão positiva da p53, citogenética anormal, IPSS intermediário II ou alto risco. Nenhum parâmetro estudado do aspirado medular se associou à sobrevida. Houve tendência à associação da imunoexpressão positiva de p53 a cariótipo anormal e IPSS de maior risco. Não se observou associação entre a presença de ALIP, porcentagem de blastos na morfologia medular e células CD34+ e CD117+. Estes dados reforçam a importância da análise citogenética e da imunoistoquímica da biópsia de medula óssea para diagnóstico e prognóstico das SMD secundárias e do TCTH alogênico no seu tratamento. Mais estudos com maior número de casos devem ser realizados para confirmar a importância do escore IPSS na SMD secundárias, provavelmente substituindo a porcentagem de blastos ao aspirado medular, pela presença de células precursoras detectadas por imunoistoquímica / Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders, characterized by cytopenias, dysplastic bone marrow (BM) and propensity to progress to acute myeloid leukemia. Secondary MDS are associated with risk factors such as congenital disorders (Fanconis anemia), acquired bone marrow failures, exposure to chemotherapy (alkylating agents, topoisomerase II inhibitors) agents and radiation and chemicals (benzene, petroleum). Immunosuppressive agents associated with hematopoietic growth factors are also associated with secondary MDS. The WHO classification has recently adopted the term therapy-related myeloid neoplasms for cases of myeloid malignancies that fulfill morphological criteria not only for MDS but also for AML or myeloproliferative neoplasms.The aim of the study was to analyze clinical, morphological and cytogenetic features of 42 patients with secondary MDS/MN in a cohort of patients diagnosed at our institution from 1987 to 2008. 23 patients (54.8%) were male, median age 53.5 (4-88) years. 45.2% had primary hematologic malignancies, 26.2% aplastic anemia, 14.3% solid tumors and 14.3% other diseases (autoimmune diseases and solid organ transplantation). 33% had undergone chemotherapy alone, 2% RT alone, 26% both modalities and 28% immunosuppressive agents. Five (11.9%) patients had undergone autologous HSCT for treatment of previous malignancies. The median latency between the primary disease and secondary MDS/MN was 85 (23-221) months. Eight patients underwent allogeneic HSCT (allo- HSCT) for treatment of related secondary MDS. Anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and peripheral blasts were observed in 64.3%, 54.8%, 78.6% and 26.2%, respectively. BM aspirates was poorly representative in 1/3 of cases, 29.7% global hypocellularity, 62.2% more than 5% of blast counts and 14.3% more than 15% of ring sideroblasts. Dysplasia in erythroid, granulocytic and megakaryocytic series was observed in 79.4%, 77.1% and 68.2%, respectively. Twenty two BM biopsies were performed. Global hypocellularity, ALIP and lymphoid nodules were shown in 9.1%, 23.8% and 40.9%. The immunohistochemistry showed more than 1% of CD34+ and CD117+ cells, clusters of CD34+ and CD117+ and immunoexpression of p53 protein in 77.2%, 82.3%, 59%, 29.4% and 33.3%, respectively. Clonal abnormalities were observed in 84.3% of cases with high prevalence of unbalanced (96%) rearrangements. 37% showed monosomy 7 and 44.4% complex karyotypes. The median overall survival was 5.7 for all patients and 40 months for patients treated with allo-HSCT (P=0.007). Hematologic malignancies, low platelet count, serum high LDH and ferritin, detection of CD117+ clusters, positive immunoexpression of p53, abnormal cytogenetics, intermediate-II or high-risk IPSS groups were associated with poor survival. No parameter studied from bone marrow aspirate had impact in survival. p53 expression was associated to abnormal karyotype (P=0.092) and IPSS risk (P=0.054). There was no association between the presence of ALIP, BM blast counts and immunoexpression of CD34+ and CD117+. Our study shows that cytogenetic analysis and BM immunohistochemistry are very important in diagnosis and prognosis, and that allo-HSCT could improve the survival of secondary MDS/MN. More studies with larger numbers of cases should be conducted to confirm the importance of the IPSS for secondary MDS, probably replacing the bone marrow aspirate blast counts by the immunohistochemistry detection of precursor cells