<p>It has become increasingly simple for companies to offer its employees shares in the form of incentive or option plans to acquire.  Companies motivate incentive plans with employee buy-outs that it will lead to higher involvement of work. The offers are often associated with disposal restrictions to the employee such as not immediately dispose of shares or that the employees will have to remain of employment within a certain timeframe. The problems with disposal restrictions are that it makes it difficult to determine the point of taxation.</p><p>When shares deemed acquired at the time of share subscription the benefit will be taxable as income from service and the increase in value income from capital. When shares are deemed to be acquired only after cessation of disposal restrictions this will result in that the benefit is taxed only once.</p><p>After the Supreme Administrative Court rulings in 3167-09 and 3168-09, it is now obvious that the acquisition is deemed to occur at the time of acquisition. The problem is not yet solved because the constant development of the security market needs to be considered. The area will be a subject to further revisions because of the technological development and internationalization of the area.</p>

It has become increasingly simple for companies to offer its employees shares in the form of incentive or option plans to acquire.  Companies motivate incentive plans with employee buy-outs that it will lead to higher involvement of work. The offers are often associated with disposal restrictions to the employee such as not immediately dispose of shares or that the employees will have to remain of employment within a certain timeframe. The problems with disposal restrictions are that it makes it difficult to determine the point of taxation. When shares deemed acquired at the time of share subscription the benefit will be taxable as income from service and the increase in value income from capital. When shares are deemed to be acquired only after cessation of disposal restrictions this will result in that the benefit is taxed only once. After the Supreme Administrative Court rulings in 3167-09 and 3168-09, it is now obvious that the acquisition is deemed to occur at the time of acquisition. The problem is not yet solved because the constant development of the security market needs to be considered. The area will be a subject to further revisions because of the technological development and internationalization of the area.

L’originalité de ce travail est d’étudier la contribution des nanocelluloses pour limiter deux défauts courant dans les papiers sécurités: le froissage et les “cornes”, où plis qui se manifestent dans les angles des papiers. Ces défauts sont principalement causés par une manipulation quotidienne de ces papiers à haute valeur ajoutée, et sont responsables d’une perte en qualité visuelle et mécanique ainsi que de troubles économiques. Les nanocellulose peuvent être divisées en deux différentes familles de matériaux : les nanofibrilles de celluloses (NFCs) et les nanocristaux de cellulose (NCCs). Les NFCs sont longues et flexibles et peuvent facilement s’enchevêtrer pour former un réseau cohésif maintenu par de nombreuses liaisons hydrogènes. Les NCCs sont des matériaux petits et rigides, et leurs impressionantes propriétés mécaniques font d’eux des candidats intéressants pour être utilisés en renfort de polymère. Dans cette étude, deux stratégies sont proposées pour incorporer ces deux types de nanocellulose dans la fabrication du papier sécurité. Premièrement, il est question d’introduire une couche de NFCs à l’intérieur du papier afin d’augmenter la résistance de ce papier au froissage. Ensuite, il est question d’imprégner ce papier avec de l’alcool polyvinylique renforcé par des NCCs afin d’augmenter la résistance aux cornes. Enfin, ces approches sont testées à l’échelle pilote et industrielle. / The original feature of this work is the use of nanocellulose for limiting two security paper defects: corner folds, also called “dog-ears”, and crumpling. These defects, caused principally by daily handling of these high added value documents, are responsible for a decrease of paper visual and mechanical quality and constitute an economic loss. Nanocellulose can be divided into two different families: cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). CNFs are long and flexible materials with the ability to entangle and form a network strongly maintained by hydrogen bonds. CNCs are short and rigid materials whose outstanding mechanical properties make them good candidates for reinforcement in a polymer matrix. In this study, two strategies are proposed to incorporate these two kinds of nanocellulose in the security paper process. First, it is question to introduce a CNF layer within the paper substrate in order to increase the paper crumpling resistance. Then, it is question to impregnate the paper with CNCs-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) in order to increase the dog-ears resistance. Finally, these approaches are tested at pilot and industrial scales.