NUNES, Renato Leandro Costa. Germinação e produção de girassol em condições de estresse. 2015. 69 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia / Fitotecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2015 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-17T14:32:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_rlcnunes.pdf: 1787306 bytes, checksum: 3cf317343f937cea8d0c74d20d624b1c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-17T14:32:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_rlcnunes.pdf: 1787306 bytes, checksum: 3cf317343f937cea8d0c74d20d624b1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:32:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_rlcnunes.pdf: 1787306 bytes, checksum: 3cf317343f937cea8d0c74d20d624b1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Currently one of the largest interests in the case of physiological seed quality, is to determine a more normal seedlings germinated in less time possible. The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination behavior, physiological and production of sunflower cultivars under conditions of abiotic and biotic stress, and to determine the periods of weed interference in this culture. First, the effects of abiotic factor (temperature) in a completely randomized design in a factorial 5 x 20, five temperature regimes 25.0; 27.5; 30.0; 32.5 and 35,0º C and 20 cultivars. With the result obtained in the first experiment was carried out experiments with salt and water stress. Both were held in DIC in a factorial 4 x 5, four cultivars that had germination behavior highlighted submitted to five water potentials (0.0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa ). Both experiments were conducted in a growth chamber at 30 ° C, the best temperature for germination, and that this temperature is similar to Ceará coastal micro having low altitude and latitude. The experiments were conducted with four replications and evaluated the germination percentage, germination rate index, mean germination time, average fresh and dry weight of seedlings. Besides these, was determined to productivity and periods of weed interference in sunflower cultivation in the field, and for that used a randomized block design with four replications in a factorial 2 x 5 being, that is, two types of competition (presence or absence) combined with periods of coexistence and weed control being 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after emergence of sunflower. The temperature of 30 ° C was the most suitable for conducting the cultivars germination test. The cv. Olissun showed the highest physiological quality under different conditions of temperature, while maintaining acceptable values for the thermal stresses, water and salt. Coexistence intervals in Olissun Sunflower cultivation affected periods of weed interference in culture. For achenes productivity, the period before interference was 27 days after emergence (DAE) of culture, the total period of interference prevention was 37 DAE and the critical period of interference covered 10 days of crop cycle / Atualmente um dos maiores interesses, tratando-se de qualidade fisiológica de sementes, é determinar um maior número de plântulas normais germinadas em um menor espaço de tempo possível. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento germinativo, fisiológico e produtivo de cultivares de girassol sob condições de estresse abiótica e biótica, bem como determinar os períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas nesta cultura. Primeiramente foi avaliado o efeito do fator abiótico (temperatura) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 20, cinco regimes de temperatura 25,0; 27,5; 30,0; 32,5 e 35,0º C e 20 cultivares. Com o resultado obtido no primeiro experimento, realizou-se os experimentos com estresse salino e hídrico. Ambos foram realizados em DIC, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, quatro cultivares que tiveram comportamento germinativo destacado submetidos a cinco potenciais hídricos (0,0; -0,3; -0,6; -0,9 e -1,2 MPa). Ambos experimentos foram conduzidos em câmara de germinação regulada a 30° C, sendo a melhor temperatura para germinação, além de que esta temperatura é semelhante a microrregião litorânea cearense possuindo baixa altitude e latitude. Os experimentos foram conduzidos com quatro repetições, sendo avaliadas a porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, média da matéria fresca e seca das plântulas. Além destes, foi determinada à produtividade e períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do girassol em campo, sendo para isso utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 sendo, ou seja, duas modalidades de competição (presença ou ausência) combinados com períodos de convivência e de controle das plantas daninhas sendo 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 dias após a emergência do girassol. A temperatura de 30° C foi a mais adequada para a condução do teste de germinação das cultivares. O cv. Olissun foi o que apresentou maior qualidade fisiológica sob as diferentes condições de temperatura, além de apresentar valores aceitáveis quanto aos estresses térmicos, hídrico e salino. Os intervalos de convivência no cultivo do girassol Olissun afetaram os períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura. Para a produtividade de aquênios, o período anterior à interferência foi de 27 dias após a emergência (DAE) da cultura, o período total de prevenção à interferência foi de 37 DAE e o período crítico de prevenção à interferência abrangeu 10 dias de ciclo da cultura.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Atualmente um dos maiores interesses, tratando-se de qualidade fisiolÃgica de sementes, à determinar um maior nÃmero de plÃntulas normais germinadas em um menor espaÃo de tempo possÃvel. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento germinativo, fisiolÃgico e produtivo de cultivares de girassol sob condiÃÃes de estresse abiÃtica e biÃtica, bem como determinar os perÃodos de interferÃncia de plantas daninhas nesta cultura. Primeiramente foi avaliado o efeito do fator abiÃtico (temperatura) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 20, cinco regimes de temperatura 25,0; 27,5; 30,0; 32,5 e 35,0 C e 20 cultivares. Com o resultado obtido no primeiro experimento, realizou-se os experimentos com estresse salino e hÃdrico. Ambos foram realizados em DIC, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, quatro cultivares que tiveram comportamento germinativo destacado submetidos a cinco potenciais hÃdricos (0,0; -0,3; -0,6; -0,9 e -1,2 MPa). Ambos experimentos foram conduzidos em cÃmara de germinaÃÃo regulada a 30 C, sendo a melhor temperatura para germinaÃÃo, alÃm de que esta temperatura à semelhante a microrregiÃo litorÃnea cearense possuindo baixa altitude e latitude. Os experimentos foram conduzidos com quatro repetiÃÃes, sendo avaliadas a porcentagem de germinaÃÃo, Ãndice de velocidade de germinaÃÃo, tempo mÃdio de germinaÃÃo, mÃdia da matÃria fresca e seca das plÃntulas. AlÃm destes, foi determinada à produtividade e perÃodos de interferÃncia das plantas daninhas na cultura do girassol em campo, sendo para isso utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetiÃÃes em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 sendo, ou seja, duas modalidades de competiÃÃo (presenÃa ou ausÃncia) combinados com perÃodos de convivÃncia e de controle das plantas daninhas sendo 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 dias apÃs a emergÃncia do girassol. A temperatura de 30 C foi a mais adequada para a conduÃÃo do teste de germinaÃÃo das cultivares. O cv. Olissun foi o que apresentou maior qualidade fisiolÃgica sob as diferentes condiÃÃes de temperatura, alÃm de apresentar valores aceitÃveis quanto aos estresses tÃrmicos, hÃdrico e salino. Os intervalos de convivÃncia no cultivo do girassol Olissun afetaram os perÃodos de interferÃncia das plantas daninhas na cultura. Para a produtividade de aquÃnios, o perÃodo anterior à interferÃncia foi de 27 dias apÃs a emergÃncia (DAE) da cultura, o perÃodo total de prevenÃÃo à interferÃncia foi de 37 DAE e o perÃodo crÃtico de prevenÃÃo à interferÃncia abrangeu 10 dias de ciclo da cultura. / Currently one of the largest interests in the case of physiological seed quality, is to determine a more normal seedlings germinated in less time possible. The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination behavior, physiological and production of sunflower cultivars under conditions of abiotic and biotic stress, and to determine the periods of weed interference in this culture. First, the effects of abiotic factor (temperature) in a completely randomized design in a factorial 5 x 20, five temperature regimes 25.0; 27.5; 30.0; 32.5 and 35,0 C and 20 cultivars. With the result obtained in the first experiment was carried out experiments with salt and water stress. Both were held in DIC in a factorial 4 x 5, four cultivars that had germination behavior highlighted submitted to five water potentials (0.0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa ). Both experiments were conducted in a growth chamber at 30  C, the best temperature for germination, and that this temperature is similar to Cearà coastal micro having low altitude and latitude. The experiments were conducted with four replications and evaluated the germination percentage, germination rate index, mean germination time, average fresh and dry weight of seedlings. Besides these, was determined to productivity and periods of weed interference in sunflower cultivation in the field, and for that used a randomized block design with four replications in a factorial 2 x 5 being, that is, two types of competition (presence or absence) combined with periods of coexistence and weed control being 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after emergence of sunflower. The temperature of 30  C was the most suitable for conducting the cultivars germination test. The cv. Olissun showed the highest physiological quality under different conditions of temperature, while maintaining acceptable values for the thermal stresses, water and salt. Coexistence intervals in Olissun Sunflower cultivation affected periods of weed interference in culture. For achenes productivity, the period before interference was 27 days after emergence (DAE) of culture, the total period of interference prevention was 37 DAE and the critical period of interference covered 10 days of crop cycle

Failure of viable seed to germinate results in poor stands and often in lower yields. Some of the more important factors that affect germination of seed are temperature, moisture, aeration, and alkalinity.

Germination of mung bean, Phaseolus mungo L. , and wheat, Triticum aestivum L., seeds was used for bioassay to demonstrate the toxic effects of selected pesticides--menazon, disulfoton, and GS-14254-- and allergens-- alantolactone and usnic acid. The ability of gibberellic acid to counteract the toxic effects of these chemicals on germination and seedling growth was studied. Chemical composition of the treated and untreated seeds was made with special attention to starch and protein degradation. Effect of these toxicants on the synthesis of amylase, ATPase, and protease enzymes during germination was studied since these enzymes are synthesized de novo during germination. To ascertain their effect on protein synthesis in storage tissue of the germinating seeds, uptake and incorporation of 14C-L-leucine into protein was studied in potato tuber slices and germinating mung beans. Correlation of biochemical data and histochemical changes in the treated and untreated seeds of mung bean was obtained with menazon and usnic acid. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes were studied in order to relate functional and structural changes in the seeds .in conjunction with phytotoxic actions of these chemicals. Among the insecticides, menazon (250 ppm) was found to be more toxic to both species than was disulfoton. GS-14254 (100 ppm) also was equally inhibitory to seed germination and seedling growth of mung bean and wheat seeds. When a solution of the herbicide GS-14254 (100 ppm) was added to either of the insecticides at their maximum concentrations the inhibitory effect of the combined pesticides on seed germination and seedling growth was more pronounced, especially with wheat. Usnic acid (50 to 250 mg/1) and alantolactone (100 mg/1) significantly inhibited germination and root and shoot growth in both mung bean and wheat seeds. These two compounds appeared to be more phytotoxic than the pesticides. Gibberellic acid partially counteracted the inhibitory effects of the pesticides and allergens, thus these chemicals showed no antiauxin activity. Before any growth is observed there is a marked increase in respiration during germination that releases energy from food materials already present in usable form in the cells. At their maximum concentrations, menazon, disulfoton, GS-14254, alantolactone, and usnic acid significantly blocked the respiration of the germinating seeds at the end of 72 h after treatment. In all cases except alantolactone respiration of wheat seeds was considerably more affected than that of the mung beans. Compared to control seeds, pesticide chemicals as well as allergenic compounds caused significant reduction in the amounts of soluble reducing sugars and free amino acids after 72 h germination period. Similarly, starch degradation was less in the treated seeds. Among the species of seeds, considerably less amounts of reducing sugars and amino acids were formed in the pesticide-treated wheat seeds than in the mung beans as compared to their respective controls. Such differences in the inhibitory effects were not observed in seeds treated with allergenic compounds. The development of amylase and ATPase activity in the seeds treated with maximum concentrations of pesticides tended to be lower than that in the control seeds. In case of menazon, inhibition of amylase activity was more pronounced than that of disulfoton or GS-14254. Proteoiytic activity in control and disulfoton- and menazon-treated seeds was not significantly different during germination period, but in case of GS-14254, it was considerably lower. Usnic acid at highest concentration tested completely inhibited the development of amylase activity in mung beans whereas it was significantly lower in seeds treated with the maximum concentration of alantolactone. The inhibition of amylase activity in wheat seeds treated with these compounds was more or less similar. ATPase inhibition in seeds treated with usnic acid was more severe than that in alantolactone treated seeds. However, proteolytic activity in control and treated seeds showed almost the same trend during the germination period. The activity per se of amylase isolated from mung bean and wheat seeds germinated for 3 days was not significantly inhibited by the presence of the pesticides or allergens in the reaction mixture indicating that these chemicals do not inhibit already synthesized amylase enzyme. Observations with potato tissue and germinating mung beans indicated that both total uptake and incorporation of 14c-L-leucine into protein were significantly inhibited by menazon, disulfoton, GS-14254, and alantolactone. On the other hand, the uptake in germinating mung bean treated with usnic acid was not affected although both uptake and incorporation were inhibited in potato tissue. Menazon and usnic acid were then selected as the representative chemicals for pesticides and allergens, respectively, and their toxic effects were studied histochemically in 3-day germinating mung beans. It was observed that total nucleic acid content and RNA content in seeds treated with these chemicals were considerably less than that in the control seeds. Similarly, treated seeds showed more starch grains and protein bodies indicating less metabolic activity in these seeds. At the ultrastructural level, menazon- or usnic acid-treated mung bean cotyledons at day 3 of germination contained no vacuoles but many undigested protein bodies were observed. In contrast, fully developed mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes, and vacuoles were seen in control cells indicating protein (enzyme) synthesis and digestion of the food reserves.

A primary goal of ecological restoration is to establish desirable plant species. This goal is particularly important following the removal of invasive plants. Understanding biological traits of plant species important to revegetation is crucial to plant establishment. In the globally important Great Salt Lake (GSL) wetlands, native habitat-forming bulrushes Bolboschoenus maritimus, Schoenoplectus acutus, and S. americanus are frequently displaced by the invasive grass Phragmites australis. Successful revegetation of bulrushes relies on improving our understanding of seed dormancy break, seed germination requirements, and the environmental factors affecting rhizome emergence and growth. We used a series of germination chamber and greenhouse experiments to examine effective seed dormancy break treatments and germination conditions for multiple collection sites of bulrushes B. maritimus, S. acutus, and S. americanus. We also performed a greenhouse experiment to investigate how water depth, nutrient, and salinity levels affect B. maritimus and S. acutus emergence and growth from rhizomes. Cold, moist stratification and bleach scarification were effective dormancy break treatments for all species, though magnitude of effect varied by species and source site. Soaking the seeds after application of dormancy break treatments improved germination for all species. Rhizome emergence of S. acutus was negatively affected by high water depth, likely due to oxygen limitation. Bolboschoenus maritimus was salinity tolerant relative to S. acutus. GSL wetland managers can use these findings to improve revegetation projects via seeding and planting.

Temperature affects reproductive potential, aesthetic and commercial value of ornamental peppers. In experiment one, temperature effects were assessed in 12 ornamental cultivars using in vitro pollen germination and tube length, and the physiological parameters, cell membrane thermostability, chlorophyll stability index and canopy temperature depression. In experiment two, seed germination rate and maximum seed germination response to temperature were assessed. Cumulative temperature response indices (CTRI) for pollen, seed, and physiological parameters were derived and used to classify cultivars for temperature tolerance. CTRI based on pollen parameters showed significant, but poor correlation with physiological parameters. CTRI based on seed parameters showed significant correlation with CTRI-physiological parameters. It is concluded that screening using pollen parameters will be ideal for reproductive temperature tolerance while seed and physiological parameters will be suitable for screening vegetative temperature tolerance. Identified tolerant cultivars are potential candidates for breeding programs to develop heat and cold tolerant ornamental pepper genotypes.

No description available.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) cultivars with genetic reduction in seed phytate concentration will be a valuable resource to livestock producers both nutritionally and economically, as well as in the preservation of the environment. However, due to association with reduced seed germination and field emergence potential, low phytate (LP) soybean cultivars are not being advanced to commercialization. Soybean breeders of LP lines must adjust their techniques and resources in order to efficiently select LP germplasm. Reduced seed germination and field emergence potential associated with LP germplasm eliminates many individuals with the desired LP trait during early generation population development, making improvement of agronomic performance among LP lines difficult. Thus, development of resources for improved phenotyping, genotyping, and early generation population development will facilitate the commercialization of LP cultivars. Discovery of variation for field emergence potential among F2-derived LP families suggests the potential for using a pedigree method for early generation population development in LP germplasm, as it preserves diversity and allows selection for improved field emergence. Integration of markers into a pedigree method will be useful to breeder. An example is BARCSOYSSR_11_1495 with 90-93% selection efficiency in various V99-5089-derived populations. Another resource for improved LP selection is a time-efficient, high-throughput modified iron (Fe) colorimetric phytate assay that does not suffer from inorganic phosphorus (P) concentration interference. Together these tools will provide breeders more accurate selection of LP lines. / Master of Science

Seed desiccation and germination have great potential for oxidative stress. Glutathione, one of the most abundant antioxidants in plant cells, is a crucial to the plant's defense mechanisms. To better understand glutathione's responses during these two stages, we examined its dynamics in wildtype Arabidopsis seeds and in a transgenic line containing an antisense glutathione reductase2 (anGR2) cDNA insert. Seeds from the two genotypes were compared morphologically. Glutathione levels in maturing and germinating seeds were measured by HPLC, and GR activity by native PAGE. Cytosolic glutathione was measured in situ by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Stress in the form of natural and accelerated ageing, and germination at high and low temperature and at low water potential was applied to both WT and anGR2 seeds to test vigor. Results show similar glutathione levels and GR activity (except during late imbibition) in WT and anGR2. In both genotypes, GSH/GSSG ratio increased and GR activity decreased during seed maturation. During imbibition, the glutathione pool becomes very reduced (<1% GSSG) and in WT seeds, GSH levels increase mostly by GSSG recycling. Cytosolic GSH in embryonic epidermal cells was estimated to be 1.1-1.6 mM. AnGR2 seeds aged faster, and were less tolerant of heat and drought stress than WT. Accumulation of glutathione during maturation indicated that glutathione is a major antioxidant in the seed during storage. Changes in GSH levels during imbibition coincided with ROS production during radicle protrusion. Under stress conditions, anGR2 seeds showed lower vigor, indicating perturbations in the ROS scavenging systems particularly GR2. / Master of Science

Weed seed contaminants in agricultural products from China in recent years have the potential for introducing new invasive plant species. Seeds of 169 weedy species from 39 families were collected from Chinese farmlands. Fifty-eight of these that are currently absent in Canada were evaluated. Two weed risk assessment (WRA) models (modified WRA+ secondary screen tool and weed elsewhere+ modified WRA+ secondary screen tool) rejected all invasive plant species and showed similar accuracy in non-invasvie plant species prediction based on 140 existing alien plant species in Canada, yet the second WRA model took significantly less time to conduct the evaluation. Fifty-five potential invasive species with various negative impacts in Chinese farmlands were rejected to enter Canada by the “weed elsewhere+ modified WRA+ secondary screen tool” model, including eight species that cause significant damage to Chinese farmlands. However, Anemone rivularis and Silene jenisseensis, which have no negative impacts in China, were also rejected. Seed germination characteristics among 18 Chinese weedy species were found with base temperatures for germination (Tb) varying from -2.5°C to 10.9°C, thermal time requirements to reach 50% germination (θ_50) ranging from 23.7 to 209.2℃*Day, and different optimal temperatures for germination, which may facilitate these species to cause different degrees of negative impacts in Canadian prairie provinces. An alien species would have a higher competitive advantage in resource uptake and space occupation than its congeneric with advantageous seed germination characteristics; otherwise it will be less competitive than its congeneric. In addition, plant functional traits that promote invasiveness would make an alien species more invasive. In conclusion, the “weed elsewhere+ modified WRA+ secondary screen tool” model is a fast and highly accurate way to screen out potential invasive species from Chinese environments, and is applicable to other environments with modification. Seed germination characteristics can be used to predict seasonal dynamics of weed seedling populations. The comparison of seed germination characteristics and other plant functional traits between alien plant and its congeneric weed from native areas provides a new way to evaluate the invasive potential of alien plant species.