Une modélisation efficace et une connaissance précise du comportement mécanique du cœur du réacteur sont nécessaires pour estimer les effets de l'excitation sismique sur une centrale nucléaire. La présence d'un écoulement d'eau (dans les REP) engendre des phénomènes d'interaction fluide structure. La modélisation des interactions fluide structure sur les assemblages combustible revêt donc une importance fondamentale pour la sécurité des réacteurs nucléaires. L’objectif principal du projet de thèse présenté dans ce document est d’étudier les interactions fluide structure afin de mieux comprendre les phénomènes impliqués. La modélisation et l'approche expérimentale sont considérées. Un nouveau modèle linéaire simplifié pour les interactions fluide structure est développé en utilisant la théorie de l'écoulement potentiel pour la modélisation des forces fluide, tandis que le modèle de poutre d'Euler-Bernoulli est utilisé pour la partie structurelle. Le modèle est d'abord développé pour un seul cylindre et il est validé avec des ouvrages de référence dans la littérature. Les effets de la taille de confinement et du nombre d'onde sont examinés. Le modèle d'écoulement potentiel développé pour un seul cylindre est ainsi étendu à une géométrie multicylindre. La démarche expérimentale est donc nécessaire pour valider le modèle développé. Une nouvelle installation expérimentale, ICARE, a été conçue pour étudier les phénomènes d’interaction fluide structure sur des assemblages combustible à demi-échelle. Dans ce document, les résultats fournis par les mesures de déplacement et de LDV sont largement analysés. Le comportement dynamique de l'assemblage combustible et les effets de couplage sont étudiés. Les calculs sont comparés aux résultats expérimentaux afin de valider le modèle et d’en analyser ses limites. Le modèle est en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux concernant l'effet de masse ajouté. De plus, le modèle prédit qualitativement les effets des couplages dans différentes directions. Par contre, le modèle d'écoulement potentiel ne permet pas de prédire des effets d'amortissement ajouté, principalement dus aux forces visqueuses. Enfin, dans ce document, une autre application du modèle développé est décrite. Le modèle est utilisé afin de simuler des expériences réalisées sur une maquette d'assemblage combustible dans l'installation expérimentale installée à l'Université George Washington (GWU). Le modèle est capable de prédire et de fournir une interprétation valide de la perturbation du débit d'eau due au mouvement de l'ensemble excité. La thèse se termine par des perspectives d'amélioration du modèle, en intégrant des termes visqueux dans les équations. L'analyse des données de vélocimétrie par image de particules (PIV) recueillies au cours des campagnes expérimentales ICARE doit être poursuivie. / Efficient modelling and accurate knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of the reactorcore are needed to estimate the effects of seismic excitation on a nuclear power plant. Thepresence of cooling water flow (in PWRs) gives rise to fluid structure interaction phenomena.Modelling of fluid structure interactions on fuel assemblies is thus of fundamentalimportance in order to assure the safety of nuclear reactors. The main objective of thePhD project which is presented in this document is to investigate fluid structure interactionsin order to have a better understanding of the involved phenomena. Both modellingand experimental approach are considered. A new simplified linear model for fluid structureinteractions is developed by using the potential flow theory for fluid force modellingwhile the Euler-Bernoulli beam model is used for the structural part. The model, is firstdeveloped for a single cylinder and it is validated with reference works in literature. Theeffects of the confinement size and of the wavenumber are investigated. The potential flowmodel developed for a single cylinder, is thus extended to a multi cylinders geometry. Theexperimental approach is thus needed in order to validate the developed model. A newexperimental facility, ICARE, is designed in order to investigate fluid structure interactionphenomena on half scale fuel assemblies. In this document, the results provided bydisplacement and LDV measurements are widely analysed. The dynamical behaviour ofthe fuel assembly and coupling effects are investigated. Calculations are compared to theexperimental results in order to validate the model and to analyse its limits. The model isin agreement with experimental results regarding the added mass effect. In addition, themodel qualitatively predicts couplings effects on different directions. As a drawback, thepotential flow model cannot predict added damping effects, which are mainly due to viscousforces. Finally in this document another application of the developed model is described.The model is used in order to simulate experiments performed on a surrogate fuel assemblyin the experimental facility installed at George Washington University (GWU). The modelis able to predict and to provide a valid interpretation for the water flow perturbation dueto the motion of the excited assembly. The thesis concludes with perspectives for furtherimprovements of the model, by integrating viscous terms in the equations. Work needs tobe carried out on the analysis of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) data collected duringICARE experimental campaigns.

Le travail de thèse s’appuie sur un recueil exhaustif des travaux effectués dans le domaine du contrôle des vibrations auxquels sont soumis les ouvrages génie civil. Une contribution innovante et originale est apportée et permet de classifier, de généraliser et d’optimiser certains critères dans le but d’assurer une conception optimale de divers dispositifs d’atténuation des vibrations, et ce, selon leur application. L’un des objectifs de la thèse a donc consisté à traiter ces critères de manière originale. Après avoir résolu le problème dit « direct » s’appuyant sur la modélisation des systèmes dotés d’un ou de plusieurs AMAs, nous nous sommes intéressés au problème dit « indirect » en envisageant divers critères d’optimisation. Ainsi, plusieurs critères d’optimisation des paramètres mécaniques de plusieurs AMAs appliqués à un système principal comportant 1 ou plusieurs degrés de liberté peuvent être utilisés. L’excitation du système principal est envisagée de deux manières, soit à sa base (en vue d’une application à la sismique), soit au niveau de la structure (en vue d’une application aux effets du vent).Des simulations numériques sont réalisées dans le but d’étudier la performance de chaque modèle optimisé en se fondant sur des approches fréquentielles et temporelles. La robustesse de chaque critère d’optimisation face aux incertitudes liées au changement des paramètres physiques de la structure principale a été examinée. Nous avons également étudié la sensibilité des critères par rapport aux incertitudes des paramètres optimisés des AMAs. La conception et l’optimisation de p AMAs placés en parallèle pour un système principal à Nddl, a constitué une nouvelle contribution originale dans le cadre de cette thèse. Dans ce contexte, lors d’une sollicitation sismique, nous estimons la contribution de chaque mode dans la structure principale et nous conservons seulement les modes de vibrations qui ont un rapport de masses modales cumulées supérieur à 90%. Le choix du critère d’optimisation s’appuie seulement sur les étages les plus sensibles aux modes conservés et permet ainsi de tenir compte des modes élevés de la structure principale. Dans le but de limiter les dommages subis par les constructions du génie civil lors de sollicitations sismiques, nous cherchons à évaluer l’efficacité des AMAs afin d’atténuer les réponses temporelles sismiques. Ainsi une étude comparative est réalisée en appliquant quatre séismes réels sur les modèles optimisés. Afin d’illustrer les résultats obtenus, des tests de caractérisation d’un AMA utilisant un amortissement par courants de Foucault et un ajustement de la rigidité, ont été menés. Ils ont permis d’obtenir une validation expérimentale du modèle et du critère d’optimisation adopté / The architectural demand and the desire to reduce costs permit the construction of light structures with innovating shapes. The great flexibility of these structures makes them increasingly sensitive to the external dynamic loads such as traffic, wind and earthquakes. Vibration control techniques allow to construct modern buildings increasingly slender, and, whether they are economic or architecturally audacious. Instead of modifying the geometrical and mechanical characteristics of a structure, vibration control consists in producing reaction forces which are opposed to the negative effects of the external excitations when they appear. This technological advance has the great advantage to not influencing planners and architects’ work and it provides them with additional creative options in both geometrical and mechanical characteristics of buildings. We restrict our focus to passive vibration control. Among available passive vibration absorber systems, Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) were selected for their simplicity and reliability. A TMD consists of a mass, a dashpot, and a spring, and is commonly attached to a vibrating primary system to suppress undesirable vibrations. The performance of TMDs is strongly affected by the adjustment of their parameters. The problem is the optimization of the mechanical parameters of TMD and their location in order to attenuate vibrations of the main structure. This thesis is based on understanding the dynamic characteristics of TMD. It aims to make an innovative and original contribution to classify, generalize and optimize some criteria in order to ensure an optimal design of TMDs, depending on their application. Our work consisted to treat these criteria in an original way. After solving the direct problem based on the modelling of systems with one or several TMD, we tackled the indirect problem by considering various optimization criteria. Thus, several optimization criteria of the mechanical parameters of TMDs applied to a main system (single (SDOF) or multiple degrees of freedom (MDOF)) are used. The excitation of the main system can be done in two different ways; either on the base (for seismic application) or on the structure (for wind effects).Numerical simulations based on a time and frequency approach are used to examine the performance of each optimized model. The robustness of each optimization criterion is assessed by taken into account the uncertainties related to the change of the physical parameters of the main structure. Such problems can be discussed by considering sensitivity analysis for criteria under uncertainty of the optimum TMD parameters. A new and original contribution of this thesis is the design and optimization of multiple TMDs in parallel with a MDOF main structure. In this context, during seismic loads, modes in the main structure with relatively high effective masses can be readily excited by base excitation. Afterwards, optimization criterion can be developed based on the most sensitive storeys to vibration modes which are a cumulative modal effective mass fraction exceeding 90%. To protect structures under earthquake loads, we seek to assess the effectiveness of TMDs in mitigating the response of structure under different real earthquakes. A comparative study is then achieved with four real earthquakes applied on systems with TMD optimized parameters. To illustrate the results obtained, characterization tests are conducted on a TMD with damping by eddy currents effect and adjustable stiffness. They allow the validation of the model and optimization criterion adopted

A otimização de amortecedores é uma área nova que vem sendo explorada nos últimos anos. Existem vários métodos clássicos e outros mais recentes que estão disputando em confiabilidade, eficiência e rapidez na obtenção de um resultado ótimo. Os algoritmos de otimização são classificados em determinísticos, que utilizam a informação do gradiente, ou seja, usam os valores das funções e suas derivadas, e os meta-heurísticos são algoritmos aleatórios que são métodos probabilísticos não baseados em gradiente, utilizando somente a avaliação da função objetivo. O Firefly Algorithm é um algoritmo meta-heurístico relativamente recente inspirado no comportamento da luz dos vagalumes. Este trabalho propõe um método para a otimização de amortecedores por atrito utilizando algoritmo meta-heurístico. O método proposto é testado em dois edifícios, de nove e dezesseis andares, submetidos a duas excitações sísmicas cada. A otimização tem um objetivo principal: diminuir a resposta dinâmica em termos do deslocamento máximo no topo das estruturas obtido através de um algoritmo programado baseado no método das diferenças finitas centrais, otimizando o local de um número máximo de amortecedores e as forças de atrito dos mesmos. Para o caso da estrutura de nove andares o número máximo de amortecedores é de quatro e para o caso da estrutura de dezesseis andares o número máximo é seis. Os resultados demostraram que, para os dois casos estudados, o deslocamento no topo da estrutura diminui em mais de 50%, concluindo-se que o método programado é eficaz assim como o Firefly Algorithm é adequado para obter as posições e as forças de atrito ótimas. Portanto, acredita-se que o método proposto poderá ser utilizado como uma ferramenta útil para auxiliar no projeto de amortecedores por atrito. / The damper’s optimization is a new area that has been explored in recent years. There are several classics and newer methods that are competing in reliability, efficiency and speed in achieving a great result. The algorithms are classified as deterministic, using gradient information, or use the function values and their derivatives, and meta- heuristic optimization algorithms are random probabilistic methods that are not based on gradient using only the evaluation of the objective function. The Firefly Algorithm is a relatively new meta-heuristic algorithm inspired on the behavior of the light of fireflies. This work proposes a method for the friction damper’s optimization using meta-heuristic algorithm. The proposed method is tested in two structures: a nine story building and a sixteen story building. They were submitted to two seismic excitations each. The optimization has one main goal: to reduce the dynamic response in terms of the maximum displacement at the top of the structures obtained by a programmed algorithm based on the central finite difference method, optimizing the location of a maximum number of dampers and their friction’s forces. In the case of the nine story building, the maximum number of dampers is four, and in the case of the sixteen story building the maximum number is six. The results showed that for the two cases studied, the displacement at the top of the structure decreases by more than 50%, concluding that the programmed method is effective and the Firefly Algorithm is appropriate to get the positions and friction’s forces optimal. Therefore, it is believed that the proposed method can be used as a tool to aid in the design of friction dampers.

A otimização de amortecedores é uma área nova que vem sendo explorada nos últimos anos. Existem vários métodos clássicos e outros mais recentes que estão disputando em confiabilidade, eficiência e rapidez na obtenção de um resultado ótimo. Os algoritmos de otimização são classificados em determinísticos, que utilizam a informação do gradiente, ou seja, usam os valores das funções e suas derivadas, e os meta-heurísticos são algoritmos aleatórios que são métodos probabilísticos não baseados em gradiente, utilizando somente a avaliação da função objetivo. O Firefly Algorithm é um algoritmo meta-heurístico relativamente recente inspirado no comportamento da luz dos vagalumes. Este trabalho propõe um método para a otimização de amortecedores por atrito utilizando algoritmo meta-heurístico. O método proposto é testado em dois edifícios, de nove e dezesseis andares, submetidos a duas excitações sísmicas cada. A otimização tem um objetivo principal: diminuir a resposta dinâmica em termos do deslocamento máximo no topo das estruturas obtido através de um algoritmo programado baseado no método das diferenças finitas centrais, otimizando o local de um número máximo de amortecedores e as forças de atrito dos mesmos. Para o caso da estrutura de nove andares o número máximo de amortecedores é de quatro e para o caso da estrutura de dezesseis andares o número máximo é seis. Os resultados demostraram que, para os dois casos estudados, o deslocamento no topo da estrutura diminui em mais de 50%, concluindo-se que o método programado é eficaz assim como o Firefly Algorithm é adequado para obter as posições e as forças de atrito ótimas. Portanto, acredita-se que o método proposto poderá ser utilizado como uma ferramenta útil para auxiliar no projeto de amortecedores por atrito. / The damper’s optimization is a new area that has been explored in recent years. There are several classics and newer methods that are competing in reliability, efficiency and speed in achieving a great result. The algorithms are classified as deterministic, using gradient information, or use the function values and their derivatives, and meta- heuristic optimization algorithms are random probabilistic methods that are not based on gradient using only the evaluation of the objective function. The Firefly Algorithm is a relatively new meta-heuristic algorithm inspired on the behavior of the light of fireflies. This work proposes a method for the friction damper’s optimization using meta-heuristic algorithm. The proposed method is tested in two structures: a nine story building and a sixteen story building. They were submitted to two seismic excitations each. The optimization has one main goal: to reduce the dynamic response in terms of the maximum displacement at the top of the structures obtained by a programmed algorithm based on the central finite difference method, optimizing the location of a maximum number of dampers and their friction’s forces. In the case of the nine story building, the maximum number of dampers is four, and in the case of the sixteen story building the maximum number is six. The results showed that for the two cases studied, the displacement at the top of the structure decreases by more than 50%, concluding that the programmed method is effective and the Firefly Algorithm is appropriate to get the positions and friction’s forces optimal. Therefore, it is believed that the proposed method can be used as a tool to aid in the design of friction dampers.

A otimização de amortecedores é uma área nova que vem sendo explorada nos últimos anos. Existem vários métodos clássicos e outros mais recentes que estão disputando em confiabilidade, eficiência e rapidez na obtenção de um resultado ótimo. Os algoritmos de otimização são classificados em determinísticos, que utilizam a informação do gradiente, ou seja, usam os valores das funções e suas derivadas, e os meta-heurísticos são algoritmos aleatórios que são métodos probabilísticos não baseados em gradiente, utilizando somente a avaliação da função objetivo. O Firefly Algorithm é um algoritmo meta-heurístico relativamente recente inspirado no comportamento da luz dos vagalumes. Este trabalho propõe um método para a otimização de amortecedores por atrito utilizando algoritmo meta-heurístico. O método proposto é testado em dois edifícios, de nove e dezesseis andares, submetidos a duas excitações sísmicas cada. A otimização tem um objetivo principal: diminuir a resposta dinâmica em termos do deslocamento máximo no topo das estruturas obtido através de um algoritmo programado baseado no método das diferenças finitas centrais, otimizando o local de um número máximo de amortecedores e as forças de atrito dos mesmos. Para o caso da estrutura de nove andares o número máximo de amortecedores é de quatro e para o caso da estrutura de dezesseis andares o número máximo é seis. Os resultados demostraram que, para os dois casos estudados, o deslocamento no topo da estrutura diminui em mais de 50%, concluindo-se que o método programado é eficaz assim como o Firefly Algorithm é adequado para obter as posições e as forças de atrito ótimas. Portanto, acredita-se que o método proposto poderá ser utilizado como uma ferramenta útil para auxiliar no projeto de amortecedores por atrito. / The damper’s optimization is a new area that has been explored in recent years. There are several classics and newer methods that are competing in reliability, efficiency and speed in achieving a great result. The algorithms are classified as deterministic, using gradient information, or use the function values and their derivatives, and meta- heuristic optimization algorithms are random probabilistic methods that are not based on gradient using only the evaluation of the objective function. The Firefly Algorithm is a relatively new meta-heuristic algorithm inspired on the behavior of the light of fireflies. This work proposes a method for the friction damper’s optimization using meta-heuristic algorithm. The proposed method is tested in two structures: a nine story building and a sixteen story building. They were submitted to two seismic excitations each. The optimization has one main goal: to reduce the dynamic response in terms of the maximum displacement at the top of the structures obtained by a programmed algorithm based on the central finite difference method, optimizing the location of a maximum number of dampers and their friction’s forces. In the case of the nine story building, the maximum number of dampers is four, and in the case of the sixteen story building the maximum number is six. The results showed that for the two cases studied, the displacement at the top of the structure decreases by more than 50%, concluding that the programmed method is effective and the Firefly Algorithm is appropriate to get the positions and friction’s forces optimal. Therefore, it is believed that the proposed method can be used as a tool to aid in the design of friction dampers.

No description available.

No description available.

Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert eine ausführliche systematische Untersuchung der Gestellschwingungen von Rollen- und Bogen-Offsetdruckmaschinen. Sie dient dazu, die modalen Eigenschaften (Eigenfrequenzen, Eigenformen) zu identifizieren und die erzwungenen Schwingungen zu simulieren. An drei Rollen-Offsetdruckmaschinen wurden experimentelle und theoretische Modalanalysen durchgeführt. Es wurden die Einflüsse des Baugrundes, der Aufstellung und der Schraubenverbindung auf die modalen Eigenschaften analysiert. Weiterhin wurde die Standsicherheit bei seismischer Erregung überprüft. Für alle vier untersuchten Offsetdruckmaschinen wurden FE-Modelle unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Besonderheiten gebildet und mittels der Messergebnisse abgesichert. Bei Bogen-Offsetdruckmaschinen wurden erzwungene Schwingungen bei vier verschiedenen Erregungen und bei ungleichmäßiger Aufstellung simuliert. Aus den vorliegenden Resultaten können Schlussfolgerungen für die Weiterentwicklung von Druckmaschinen gezogen werden. / This work provides a detailed systematical research about the frame vibrations of web-offset-printing machines and sheetfed-offset-printing machines. It serves to identify the modal properties (natural frequencies and mode shapes) and to simulate the forced vibrations. The experimental and theoretical modal analysis have been realised at three web-offset-printing machines. The influences of the base, installation and screw connection on the modal properties have been analysed, furthermore the stand security under seismic excitation has been verified. The FE-models of all four investigated offset-printing machines have been built under consideration of their characteristics and have been updated with measurement results. Forced vibrations of sheetfed-offset-printing machines have been simulated on four different excitations and for uneven installation. The results of this work can be used for the further development of printing-machines.

Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert eine ausführliche systematische Untersuchung der Gestellschwingungen von Rollen- und Bogen-Offsetdruckmaschinen. Sie dient dazu, die modalen Eigenschaften (Eigenfrequenzen, Eigenformen) zu identifizieren und die erzwungenen Schwingungen zu simulieren. An drei Rollen-Offsetdruckmaschinen wurden experimentelle und theoretische Modalanalysen durchgeführt. Es wurden die Einflüsse des Baugrundes, der Aufstellung und der Schraubenverbindung auf die modalen Eigenschaften analysiert. Weiterhin wurde die Standsicherheit bei seismischer Erregung überprüft. Für alle vier untersuchten Offsetdruckmaschinen wurden FE-Modelle unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Besonderheiten gebildet und mittels der Messergebnisse abgesichert. Bei Bogen-Offsetdruckmaschinen wurden erzwungene Schwingungen bei vier verschiedenen Erregungen und bei ungleichmäßiger Aufstellung simuliert. Aus den vorliegenden Resultaten können Schlussfolgerungen für die Weiterentwicklung von Druckmaschinen gezogen werden. / This work provides a detailed systematical research about the frame vibrations of web-offset-printing machines and sheetfed-offset-printing machines. It serves to identify the modal properties (natural frequencies and mode shapes) and to simulate the forced vibrations. The experimental and theoretical modal analysis have been realised at three web-offset-printing machines. The influences of the base, installation and screw connection on the modal properties have been analysed, furthermore the stand security under seismic excitation has been verified. The FE-models of all four investigated offset-printing machines have been built under consideration of their characteristics and have been updated with measurement results. Forced vibrations of sheetfed-offset-printing machines have been simulated on four different excitations and for uneven installation. The results of this work can be used for the further development of printing-machines.

This thesis is a study into the response and seismic safety of three-dimensional multi-storey concrete structures under concurrent orthogonal seismic excitations. It employs the nonlinear time-history method as its analysis tools. Time-history analyses rely heavily on their utilised earthquake records. Accordingly, this study examines the different approaches of selecting earthquake suites and develops a methodology of selecting representative earthquake scenarios. This methodology is credibly implemented in selecting a far- and a near field suites representative of the New Zealand seismic hazard. The study investigates the response of 6-, 9- and 12-storey concrete structures of different n-X-bays × m-Y-bays. Bidirectional responses of these considered structures are examined and consequently the current combination rules are scrutinised. Consequently this study strongly recommends the use of the 40-percent combination rule in lieu of the widely used 30-percent rule; and the use of time-history analysis in lieu of quasi/equivalent static and response modal analysis methods to avoid their strong dependence on combination rules. An intensive study is conducted employing the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) technique to investigate structural demands of interstorey drifts, lateral storey drifts and storey accelerations. The study utilises the developed far-field suite and identifies the 50th and 90th percentile demands. Hence it provides easy-to-use expressions to facilitate rapid calculation of the structural demands and the effects of biaxial interactions. An implementation into the Demand and Capacity Factor Design (DCFD) format is presented that infers confidence in the performance levels of the considered structures. The study also draws attention to the importance of considering storey accelerations as their storey values reach as high as 10 × PGA. A sensitivity study is conducted by repeating the IDA investigation while using the developed near-field suite. Subsequently a comparison between the near- and the far-field results is conducted. The results were markedly similar albeit of less magnitudes until the (seismic hazard) intensity measure IM = Sa(T₁) = 0.4g when the near-field results show sudden flat large increase in demands suggesting a brittle collapse. This is attributed to the higher content of the higher mode frequencies contained in near-field ground motions. Finally, the study examines the (vectorial) radial horizontal shear demands in columns and beam-column joints of the previous far- and near-field studies. The combined radial shear demands in corner, edge and internal columns and joints are evaluated that roughly show a square-root proportional relationship with IM that exhibit somewhat brittle failure at IM ≥ 0.35g. Shears demands in the (4-way) internal columns and the (2-way) corner joints show highest magnitude in their respective class. The results suggest transverse joint shear reinforcement of 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 of the longitudinal reinforcement of the neighbouring beam respectively for corner, edge and internal joints. An implementation of a proposed practical (and simpler) DCFD format shows satisfactory confidence in columns performance in shear up to IM = 0.35g, conversely to joints unsatisfactory performance in shear at the onset of inelastic behaviour (IM > 0.05g).