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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Computer simulation of marker-assisted selection utilizing linkage disequilibrium.

Keildson, Sarah. January 2006 (has links)
The face of animal breeding has changed significantly over the past few decades. Traditionally, the genetic improvement of both plant and animal species focussed on the selective breeding of individuals with superior phenotypes, with no precise knowledge of the genes controlling the traits under selection. Over the past few decades, however, advances in molecular genetics have led to the identification of genetic markers associated with genes controlling economically important traits, which has enabled breeders to enhance the genetic improvement of breeding stock through linkage disequilibrium marker-assisted selection. Since the integration of marker-assisted selection into breeding programmes has not been widely documented, it is important that breeders are able to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of marker-assisted selection, in comparison to phenotypic selection, prior to the implementation of either selection strategy. Therefore, this investigation aimed to develop deterministic simulation models that could accurately demonstrate and compare the effects of phenotypic selection and marker-assisted selection, under the assumption of both additive gene action and complete dominance at the loci of interest. Six computer models were developed using Microsoft Excel, namely 'Random Mating,' 'Phenotypic Selection,' 'Marker-Assisted Selection,' 'Selection with Dominance,' 'Direct Selection' and 'Indirect selection.' The 'Random Mating' model was firstly used to determine the effects of linkage disequilibrium between two loci in a randomly mating population. The 'Phenotypic Selection' and 'Marker-Assisted Selection' models focused primarily on examining and comparing the response to these two selection strategies over five generations and their consequent effect on genetic variation in a population when the QTL of interest exhibited additive gene action. In contrast, the 'Selection with Dominance' model investigated the efficiency of phenotypic selection and marker-assisted selection under the assumption of complete dominance at the QTL under selection. Finally, the 'Direct Selection and 'Indirect Selection' models were developed in order to mimic the effects of marker assisted selection on two cattle populations utilizing both a direct and indirect marker respectively. The simulated results showed that, under the assumption of additive gene action, marker-assisted selection was more effective than phenotypic selection in increasing the population mean, when linkage disequilibrium was present between the marker locus and the QTL under selection and the QTL captured more than 80% of the trait variance. The response to both selection strategies was shown to decrease over five generations due to the decrease in genetic variation associated with selection. When the QTL under selection was assumed to display complete dominance, however, marker-assisted selection was markedly more effective than phenotypic selection, even when a minimal amount of linkage disequilibrium was present in the population and the QTL captured only 60% of the trait variance. The results obtained in this investigation were successful in simulating the theoretical expectations of markerassisted selection. The computer models developed in this investigation have potential applications in both the research and agricultural sectors. For example, the successful application of a model developed in this investigation to a practical situation that simulated markerassisted selection, was demonstrated using data from two Holstein cattle populations. Furthermore, the computer models that have been developed may be used in education for the enhancement of students understanding of abstract genetics concepts such as linkage disequilibrium and marker-assisted selection. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
12

Tendências genéticas e seleção para eficiência à desmama em bovinos da raça Aberdeen Angus

Campos, Leonardo Talavera 22 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Leonardo_Talavera_Campos.pdf: 765527 bytes, checksum: a64dcd74a213c1abd1bde1d1bf1ddd18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-22 / Study was divided into two independent and complementary parts. The first objective was to evaluate the behavior of additive genetic trends for weight traits and selection indices in cattle population of Aberdeen Angus breed evaluated in PROMEBO®. Data were provided by the National Breeders Association (ANC), with animals produced from 1974 to 2010. The traits were: birth weight (BW), with 70,156; weight gain from birth to weaning (WWG), with 181,491; and post-weaning weight gain (PWG), with 113,323 animals, respectively. Characteristics were pre-adjusted for known environmental effects. Other variables were the weaning and final selection indexes. It was includes, beside WWG and PWG, scrotal circumference (SC) in the final stage (yearling) and visual scores collected at the weaning and yearling. Weighting percentages were applied for index constituents. The statistical model included additive genetic effects of sire and dam and environmental effects of contemporary groups. The estimates were obtained by Method GenSys, using a denomined gametic model on univariate analysis. In regression analysis using arithmetic means of breeding values or EPDs was used the least squares method weighted by the number of observations, obtained by PROC REG (SAS, 1996). Significant additive direct genetic trends estimated to the weight characters WWG, PWG and weight gain from birth to yearling (YWG = WWG + PWG) and selection indices at weaning and yearling, show that, as selection criteria, are providing moderate genetic progress in this population of Angus. Results for birth weight suggested that it is almost stabilized, which is desirable in order to avoid calving problems. The second part of the study was to evaluate a selection criterion for efficiency to weaning in beef cattle herds controlled by PROMEBO®. This criterion was the relationship between weight gain from birth to weaning of calves (WWG) and cow weight (CW), obtained in two ways, appear in the denominator of equation (1) real cow weight at weaning of their product, a percentage expressing this efficiency (EFF), or (2) metabolic weight of cow at weaning from each of their calves, resulting in the efficiency in metabolic weight (EMW). The bulls were evaluated by calves who have greater WWG (output), compared to the cost of production ("input"), measured by the metabolic weight of their mother cows for EMW, or actual bodyweight of cows for EFF. Records from performance data including weight of 10,350 calves and their mothers, referring to the progenies of 330 sires from Angus breed, produced between 1982 to 2002, in three herds from two farms located in the region Frontier West of Rio Grande do Sul. The mixed model solutions were obtained through a computer program PROC MIXED (SAS Institute Inc., 2001). The heritability was estimated by covariance between paternal half-siblings. The heritability estimates, of moderate magnitude, were 0,187±0,023 (18,69%) for EMW and 0,167±0,022 (16,73%) for EFF. Despite of difficulties and constraints statistics, selection criteria for efficiency analysis, in particular, efficiency in metabolic weight (EMW), showed reasonable heritability. This opens prospects for allowing a selection of sires that provide a greater return and economic efficiency, transmitting to their offspring genetic potential for a greater weight gain in relation step to the maintenance requirements of cows, mothers of their products. Ratios as EFF and EMW, due positive association with feed efficiency, indicate that were an important alternative for selection because the moderate heritability and ease of measurement in practice. / Este trabalho foi dividido em duas partes. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar as tendências genéticas aditivas para características de crescimento e índices de seleção na população de bovinos da raça Aberdeen Angus, avaliados pelo PROMEBO®. Os dados foram disponibilizados pela Associação Nacional de Criadores (ANC), com animais produzidos entre os anos de 1974 e 2010. As características estudadas foram: peso ao nascer (PN); ganho de peso do nascimento à desmama (GND), e ganho de peso pós-desmama (GDS), com 70.156, 181.491 e 113.323 animais, respectivamente, sendo pré-ajustadas para efeitos ambientais conhecidos. Outras variáveis estudadas foram os índices de seleção à desmama e final. Incluem, além do GND e GDS, perímetro escrotal (PE) na fase final (ano ou sobreano) e escores de avaliação visual coletados nas fases de desmama e final. Ponderações percentuais foram aplicadas sobre as características para compor os índices. O modelo estatístico incluía os efeitos genéticos aditivos de touro e vaca e efeitos ambientais de grupos contemporâneos. As estimativas foram obtidas pelo Método GenSys, utilizando-se um modelo chamado de gamético, em análises univariadas. Nas análises de regressão, ao usar médias aritméticas dos valores genéticos ou DEPs, foi usado o método de quadrados mínimos ponderados, pelo número de observações, com base no PROC REG (SAS, 1996). As tendências genéticas aditivas diretas para as características de crescimento GND, GDS e ganho de peso do nascimento (sobre)ano (GNS = GND + GDS) e índices de seleção à desmama e final, foram significativas e indicam que, como critério de seleção, estão proporcionando moderado progresso genético nesta população da raça Angus. Resultados da avaliação genética para peso ao nascer indicam que o mesmo encontra-se praticamente estabilizado, o que é desejável visando-se evitar problemas de parto. A segunda parte do estudo teve como objetivo avaliar um critério de seleção para eficiência à desmama nos rebanhos controlados pelo PROMEBO®. O critério foi a relação entre o ganho de peso do nascimento à desmama do terneiro (GND) e o peso da vaca (PV), obtida de duas formas, constando no denominador da equação: (1) peso da vaca real na desmama de seu produto, expressando esta eficiência em percentagem (EFF); ou (2) peso metabólico da vaca na desmama de cada um de seus filhos, resultando na eficiência em peso metabólico (EPM). Os touros pais foram avaliados através de filhos que tenham maior GND ( output ), em relação ao custo de produção ( input ), medido através do peso metabólico de suas mães para EPM, ou peso corporal real das vacas para EFF. Foram analisados dados ponderais de 10.350 terneiros, e suas respectivas mães, referentes às progênies de 330 touros pais da raça Aberdeen Angus, produzidos entre os anos de 1982 a 2002, em três rebanhos de duas fazendas localizadas na região da Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. As soluções de modelos mistos foram obtidas através do programa PROC MIXED (SAS Institute Inc.,2001). O método de estimação da herdabilidade foi o da covariância entre meio-irmãos paternos. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas, de magnitude moderada, foram de 0,187±0,023 (18,69%) para EPM e 0,167±0,022 (16,73%) para EFF. Apesar de dificuldades e restrições estatísticas, os critérios de seleção para eficiência analisados, em especial, eficiência em peso metabólico (EPM), apresentaram razoável herdabilidade. Este fato abre perspectivas para, como característica do touro pai ou do produto, permitir a seleção de reprodutores que fornecem um maior retorno ou eficiência econômica, transmitindo à sua progênie potencial genético para um maior ganho de peso em relação às necessidades de mantença das mães de seus produtos. Relações como EFF e EPM - ao se pressupor, com base na literatura, uma positiva associação com eficiência alimentar -, indicam ser uma alternativa importante tanto pela herdabilidade moderada como pela facilidade de mensuração na prática.
13

Seleção de linhagens de feijão de alto desempenho agronômico e biofortificadas para potássio, fósforo, zinco e cobre / Selection of common bean lines of high agronomic performance and biofortified for potassium, phosphorus, zinc and copper

Maziero, Sandra Maria 15 August 2014 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Considering the expansion of grown of common bean for large mechanized areas and the need of biofortication of basic foods consumed by the Brazilian population, to minimize minerals deficiencies, obtaining common bean lines with high agronomic performance and higher minerals concentration in the grains represents technological advances for the culture. The objectives of this study were: (1) to estimate the genetic parameters for morphological, phenological, grain yield and nutritional characters in four biofortified populations of common bean in F6:8 generation; (2) assess the effectiveness of different selection strategies, direct selection and selection indexes, with the adoption of economic weights equivalent to coefficient of genetic variation (CVg) and proportional to a gain of 10% in average for each character, without restriction and also restriction to gains in only one of the mineral; and (3) to select common beans lines of high agronomic performance, as erect architecture and grain yield, and biofortified for potassium, phosphorus, zinc and copper concentrations in grains. Thus, a total of 169 common beans lines in F6:8 generation were evaluated in two experiments in a simple lattice design in the rainy season 2012/2013 and dry season 2013, in Santa Maria/RS. The following traits: note lodging, general adaptation note, insertion height of the first and last pod, cycle, number of pods and grains per plant, weight of 100 grains, grain yield and potassium, phosphorus, zinc and copper concentrations in grains were evaluated and the genetic parameters were estimated in each biofortification population. For simultaneous selection were tested selection indexes: direct selection, classical index, base index, parameters and weights-free index, based on desired gains index, multiplicative index and the "ranks" sum index. Significant line x environment interaction was observed for most of the characters, except for potassium, phosphorus and copper concentrations in grains. Genetic variability has not been obtained only for the copper concentration in grains. The weight of 100 grains and grain yield show high heritability in F6:8 generation in all populations studied. The characters of note lodging, height of the first pod, cycle, number of pods per plant and number of grains per plant were from moderate to high heritability. The others characters have from low to high heritability, except for the potassium and zinc concentrations in grains that exhibit from low to moderate heritability. The direct selection enabled high gain selection for individual characters, but caused undesirable changes in other characters under selection. The multiplicative index is the best strategy for simultaneous selection for the identification of common beans lines for erect architecture, high grain yield and high potassium, phosphorus and zinc concentration in grains. The L92, L 97, L 137 and L 146 lines are promising and remain under evaluation by the breeding program. / Considerando a expansão do cultivo de feijão para as grandes áreas mecanizadas e a necessidade de bioforticação de alimentos básicos consumidos pela população brasileira, para minimizar as deficiências minerais, a obtenção de linhagens de feijão com alto desempenho agronômico e com maior concentração de minerais nos grãos representam avanços tecnológicos para a cultura. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) obter estimativas de parâmetros genéticos para os caracteres morfológicos, fenológicos, da produção e nutricionais em quatro populações biofortificadas de feijão em geração F6:8; (2) verificar a eficiência de diferentes estratégias de seleção, seleção direta e índices de seleção, com a adoção de pesos econômicos equivalentes ao coeficiente de variação genético (CVg) e proporcionais a um ganho de 10% na média para cada caractere, sem restrição, e também com restrição para obter ganhos em apenas um dos minerais; e (3) selecionar linhagens de feijão de alto desempenho agronômico, quanto a arquitetura ereta e à produtividade de grãos, e biofortificadas quanto as concentrações de potássio, de fósforo, zinco e cobre nos grãos. Para tanto, um total de 160 linhagens de feijão em geração F6:8 e nove genitores foram avaliados em dois experimentos conduzidos em delineamento látice simples nos cultivos de safra 2012/2013 e de safrinha 2013, em Santa Maria/RS. Os caracteres nota de acamamento, altura de inserção da primeira e da última vagem, ciclo, número de vagens e de grãos por planta, massa de 100 grãos, produtividade de grãos e concentração de potássio, fósforo, zinco e cobre nos grãos foram avaliados e os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados em cada uma das quatro populações biofortificadas. Para a seleção simultânea, as estratégias testadas foram: seleção direta, índice clássico, índice base, índice livre de pesos e parâmetros, índice baseado nos ganhos desejados, índice multiplicativo e índice baseado na soma de ranks . Interação linhagem x ambiente significativa foi observada para a maioria dos caracteres, com exceção da concentração de potássio, fósforo e cobre nos grãos. Variabilidade genética não foi obtida apenas para a concentração de cobre nos grãos. Os caracteres massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos apresentam alta herdabilidade em geração F6:8 em todas as populações avaliadas. Os caracteres nota de acamamento, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, ciclo, número de vagens por planta e número de grãos por planta foram de moderada a alta herdabilidade. Os demais caracteres apresentam herdabilidade de baixa a alta magnitude, a exceção da concentração de potássio e de zinco nos grãos que exibem de baixa a moderada herdabilidade. A seleção direta possibilitou alto ganho de seleção para caracteres individuais, mas provocou alterações indesejáveis nos demais caracteres sob seleção. O índice multiplicativo é a melhor estratégia de seleção simultânea para identificar linhagens de feijão de arquitetura ereta, alta produtividade de grãos e alta concentração de potássio, fósforo e zinco nos grãos. As linhagens L 72, L97, L 137 e L 146 são promissoras e continuarão em avaliação pelo programa de melhoramento.

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