Despite the many advancements to forensic DNA analysis adopted by crime laboratories across the country, the most common method for the differential extraction of sexual assault samples has remained relatively unchanged since forensic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing was discovered in 1985. As the quantity and quality of extracted DNA has significant implications on the success of subsequent analysis methods, the development and optimization of effective extraction procedures is vital to progressing the field of forensic DNA analysis. The graduate students and faculty at the Boston University School of Medicine have been developing a differential extraction process that utilizes a multi-enzymatic approach to preferentially lyse and wash the cell types within temperature controlled environments. The overall procedure is less labor-intensive and time-consuming than the conventional method. Through the extraction process, the inhibitory nature of each enzyme on the amplification process is avoided, circumventing the need for an additional purification step. A single centrifugation step is required in order to pellet the sperm while the cumbersome wash steps are replaced with selective digestion in order to remove the residual epithelial cell DNA from the sperm fraction. The three enzyme used (EA1, Benzonase®, and Acrosolv) operate optimally at distinct temperatures which allows for controlled and sequential activation to achieve desired lysis and digestion outcomes. The enzymatic reactions are conducted within a DNA extraction lab thermal cycler to obtain rapid and accurate temperature changes. This novel temperature controlled differential extraction protocol has been developed and optimized for extraction of primarily liquid mixed samples in 0.2 milliliter (mL) tubes. The epithelial cell lysis and sperm cell lysis stages of the extraction contained a final reaction volume of 100 microliters (µL). Slight modifications to this 100 direct-lysis differential extraction method resulted in a similarly efficient method with a high male DNA yield (74-100%) and minimal female carryover among varying ratios of epithelial cells to sperm cells. This sensitive technique provided nearly complete profiles (14/16 loci) of the male contributor in mixed samples containing ~15,200 female epithelial cells and ~500 sperm, with complete profiles observed in mixed samples containing ~1000 sperm. This modified extraction protocol better accommodates sample sizes that may be encountered in forensic casework testing while providing a more concentrated sperm fraction, possibly eliminating the need for an additional concentration step in some dilute samples. The ease of implementation and the rapid processing time of 2-3 hours make it a great candidate for use in forensic DNA laboratories and may help alleviate backlogs of sexual assault kit. However, further work is needed to alter the composition of the sperm lysis buffer to make it compatible with currently used amplification kits. Until such time, caution must be taken in the kit selection used for amplification of extracts produced with this method. This study also demonstrated a sensitivity of the GlobalFiler® PCR Amplification Kit to inhibition by the buffers used in this extraction protocol, particularly the Orange+ Buffer. This inhibition has dramatic effects on the profile quality of the amplified sperm fractions, with extensive allelic drop-out observed even when the Orange+ Buffer concentration was scaled from 1.0X to 0.2X. Amplification using the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR Amplification Kit showed marginal recovery in the profile quality. Other expanded-loci STR amplification kits may also demonstrate resistance to this inhibition.

Les alcénones constituent une classe de cétones insaturées à longue chaîne (C35 à C41)synthétisées par un nombre limité d’haptophytes. La proportion des alcènones en C37 di et triinsaturéesvarie en fonction de la température de croissance de l’haptophyte. A partir de cette caractéristique et de leur ubiquité dans l’environnement marin, un indice nommé '37U K =[C37 :2] / ([C37 :2 + C37 :3]) est utilisé depuis la fin des années 1980s comme paléomarqueur des températures des eaux de surface.Des processus de dégradation biotique et abiotique sélectifs, jusqu’alors partiellement ignorés,peuvent entraîner des biais significatifs (du fait de la perte préférentielle des alcénones les plus insaturées) dans les valeurs de paléotempératures estimées à partir de l’ '37U K . Ce travail a été entrepris dans le but d'étudier l'impact de ces processus diagénétiques sur les alcénones et d'évaluer leur importance dans l'environnement marin.Durant la première partie de ce travail, nous avons isolé et identifié diverses souches bactériennes à partir de cultures d’Emiliania huxleyi, que nous avons testées pour leur capacité à dégrader les alcénones. La souche Dietzia maris s'est révélée capable de dégrader sélectivement les alcénones. Cette dégradation sélective fait intervenir une époxydation initiale des doubles liaisons des alcénones, qui est vraisemblablement induite par une monoxygénase ayant une plus grande affinité pour la double liaison en position w29 et peut conduire à une augmentation des valeurs de l' '37U K de l’ordre de +0,10 (soit une surestimation des températures de +3°C).L'impact de ces processus de dégradation (biotique et abiotique) in situ s'est révélé plus oumoins significatif selon les zones géographiques considérées. En mer Méditerranée,l'augmentation des valeurs de l' '37U K (0,43 à 0,55) s'explique essentiellement par une forte autoxydation des alcénones lors de leur sédimentation. La détection d'alcénones stéréomutées à la surface du sédiment nous a permis d'estimer que les processus de stéréomutatio npouvaient entraîner un biais dans les valeurs de l' '37U K de +0,05 dans cette région. En Alaskaainsi que dans le Pacifique équatorial, les biais observés résultent essentiellement d’une dégradation bactérienne sélective des alcénones (+0,7 à +2,4°C et +2°C, respectivement).Lors de nos analyses de matériel particulaire provenant de l’océan Pacifique équatorial, nos observations ont mis en évidence une relation entre l’état de photo-oxydation des cellules phytoplanctoniques sénescentes et l’état physiologique des bactéries qui leur sont associées.Un transfert d’oxygène singulet (1O2) des phytodétritus aux bactéries entraînerait un déclin important de la croissance bactérienne et limiterait ainsi considérablement la biodégradation.Dans notre étude, ce transfert d’1O2 s’est révélé plus efficace dans les particules en suspension(forte photo-oxydation des bactéries) que dans les particules prélevées par trappes (forte biodégradation du phytodétritus). Cette différence s’expliquerait par l’abondance de particules riches en silice dans les particules prélevées par trappes (dominées par des agglomérats de diatomées) dont le caractère polaire réduirait la durée de vie de l’1O2.Nos résultats confirment que les processus de (i) dégradation bactérienne sélective, (ii)d'autoxydation et (iii) de stéréomutation peuvent introduire des bais significatifs dans les reconstructions de paléotempératures et des moyens de corriger les biais résultant de cette diagenèse ont été proposés afin d'améliorer les reconstructions de paléotempératures basées sur cet outil. / Alkenones constitute a class of long-chain unsaturated ketones (C35 to C41) synthesized by alimited number of haptophytes. The proportion of C37 di- and tri-unsaturated alkenones varies according to the growth temperature of the haptophytes. From this characteristic and theubiquity of alkenones in the marine environment, an index named '37U K = [C37: 2] / ([C37: 2 + C37:3]) is used since the late 1980s as paleomarker of sea surface temperatures. Selective biotic and abiotic degradation processes, previously ignored in the literature, canlead to significant biases (due to the preferential loss of the more unsaturated alkenones) in paleotemperature values estimated from the '37U K . This work was undertaken to estimate theimpact of diagenetic processes on alkenones in the marine environment.During the first part of this work, we isolated and identified various bacterial strains from cultures of Emiliania huxleyi, which were tested for their ability to degrade alkenones. Thestrain Dietzia maris sp. S1 appeared to be able to degrade selectively di- and tri-unsaturatedalkenones. This selective degradation involves an initial epoxidation of alkenone doublebonds, which is probably induced by a monooxygenase showing a greater affinity for the w29double bond and leads to increases of the '37U K values ranging from +0.05 to +0.10 units(corresponding to an overestimation of temperatures of 1.5 - 3°C).The impact of these biotic and abiotic degradation processes in situ was more or lesssignificant depending on the area considered. In Mediterranean Sea, increasing values of '37U Kwith depth (0.43 to 0.55) seemed to mainly result from an intense autoxidation of alkenones.The detection of stereomutated alkenones in surface sediments also attested to the importanceof these processes in this region (increased in '37U K values of +0.05 units). In contrast, in Alaska and Equatorial Pacific, the biases observed (+0.7 to +2.4°C and +2°C, respectively) appeared to be mainly induced by selective bacterial degradation of alkenones.Analyses of particulate matter from the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, revealed a relationshipbetween the state of photo-oxidation of senescent phytoplankton cells and the physiologicalstate of associated bacteria. A transfer of singlet oxygen (1O2) from phytodetritus to thebacteria may induce damages in bacteria and thus significantly limit biodegradation. This transfer of 1O2 appeared to be more effective in suspended particles (high photo-oxidation ofbacteria and preservation of phytodetritus) than in the sinking particles (weak photo-oxidationof bacteria and high biodegradation of phytodetritus). These differences were attributed to theabundance of particles rich in silica in sinking particles (dominated by agglomerates ofdiatoms), whose the polar character could reduce lifetime of 1O2.Our results confirm that the process of (i) selective bacterial degradation, (ii) autoxidation and(iii) stereomutation may introduce significant biases in the reconstruction ofpaleotemperatures. Some tools were proposed to correct some of these biases and thus toimprove the paleotemperature reconstructions based on alkenones