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Social exclusion is a psychologically stressful experience that impairs people’s ability to control specific behaviors or events. In the current study, I attempted to reconcile competing predictions regarding whether exclusion is especially harmful to control, or self-regulate, when it is attributed to individual- or group-based characteristics of a person. Per the self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model, social exclusion should be most detrimental to self-regulation when it is directed at a person’s unique traits, or individual self. In contrast, social identity theory (SIT) predicts that exclusion is especially damaging when it is directed at a person’s group membership. I examined whether the seemingly contradictory predictions made by SEM and SIT are because they relate to different circumstances concerning the fairness of the exclusion experience. Most research regarding individual-based exclusion involves situations in which the exclusion seems fair, or deserved, whereas research regarding group-based exclusion focuses on discrimination, or unfair exclusion. An online exclusion paradigm (i.e., “College Survivor”) was used to examine the role of fairness. During the Survivor game, Latina women experienced either individual- or group-based exclusion that was either fair or unfair. Afterwards, participants were asked to taste and rate three bowls of chocolate that were ostensibly manufactured in three countries that used different recipes. The findings demonstrated that participants consumed the most calories (i.e., showed the greatest loss of self-control) when exclusion was fair and directed towards their individual selves, or when exclusion was unfair and directed towards their group selves.

We explored how individuals high in narcissism maintained positive self-evaluations when faced with threats from romantic partners, and the role of attentiveness to attractive alternatives in self-evaluation maintenance. Participants and their romantic partners completed surveys measuring narcissism, closeness, attention to alternative partners, and IQ tests. They were given false feedback concerning their performance on the IQ tasks in relation to their partners, then asked to take additional surveys measuring closeness change. Ultimately, there was no significant connection between narcissism and reduction of closeness following a threat. Attention to alternative partners did not act as a mediator between narcissism and closeness reduction. Couples-level analyses yielded that couples with higher narcissism reported lower closeness. There was also a significant narcissism by condition interaction, with highly narcissistic couples in the non-threat condition reporting lower closeness scores than highly narcissistic couples who were in the threat condition. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

Smartphones blir allt mer en integrerad del av människors liv genom att erbjuda funktioner som till exempel tillfredsställer våra sociala behov. Samtidigt har dessa funktioner också blivit en källa till smartphoneberoenden. Detta har bidragit till utvecklingen av digital detox-applikationer som kan hjälpa en att minska sin smartphoneanvändning. I några av dessa digital detox-applikationer existerar en funktion där man kan dela och jämföra skärmtid med andra personer, där en anledning kan vara att motivera varandra till att minska sin skärmtid. Att människor jämför sig med andra personer för att utvärdera sig själva från en viss aspekt, för att i sin tur utveckla ett nytt beteende kan kopplas till Social Comparison Theory och Selfevaluation maintenance model (SEM modellen). SEM modellen argumenterar bland annat för att personer som står en psykologiskt nära har en större tendens till att motivera en till självförbättring. Detta kan ske om de presterar bättre i ett område som är relevant för ens självdefinition. Studien har därför undersökt hur delning och jämförelse av skärmtid påverkar personer inom en vänskapskrets och om det kan leda till minskad mobilanvändning. Detta har undersökts med hjälp av applikationen Timedown där 5 vänner fått dela och jämföra sin skärmtid med varandra under 12 dagar. Slutligen genomfördes en semistrukturerad intervju med varje enskild deltagare. Intervjuerna syftade till att ta reda på hur deltagarna upplevde att använda funktionen och om det påverkat deras mobilanvändning. Resultatet av studien visar att personer påverkas olika av att dela och jämföra skärmtid med vänner och att det beror på hur ens skärmtid förhåller sig till övrigas. En person som har en förhållandevis hög skärmtid jämfört med sina vänners tenderar att ha en större benägenhet till att minska sin skärmtid än en person som har en lägre skärmtid. Resultatet bör dock inte generaliseras för alla vänskapsgrupper som använder den här typen av funktion. Däremot kan det bidra med nya perspektiv på hur jämförandet av skärmtid kan användas i digital detox-sammanhang. / Smartphones are increasingly becoming an integral part of people's lives by offering functions that for example satisfies our social needs. At the same time, these functions have also become a source of smartphone addiction. This has contributed to the development of digital detox-applications which help to reduce one's smartphone usage. In some of these digital detox- applications, a function exists where you can share and compare screen time with other people. A reason for this can be to motivate each other to decrease smartphone usage.  That people tend to compare themselves with others to evaluate themselves from a certain aspect and thereby develop a new behaviour, can be connected to the Social Comparison Theory and the Self-evaluation maintenance model (SEM-model). The SEM- model argues, among other things, for the fact that people who are psychologically close to a person, have a greater tendency to motivate that person to self-improvement. This happens if they perform better within an area relevant for the person's self-definition. The study has therefore investigated how sharing and comparing screen time affects persons within a friend group and if it can result in decreased screen time. This has been investigated using the application Timedown, where 5 friends have shared and com- pared their screen time with each other during 12 days. Finally, a semi-structured interview was carried out with every single participant. The interviews aimed to find out how the participants experienced using the feature and if it affected their smartphone usage.  The result of the study shows that people are differently affected by sharing and comparing screen time with friends, and that it depends on your screen time in relation to the others. A person with a relatively high screen time compared to one's friends tends to have a greater inclination to decrease their screen time than a person with a lower screen time. The result should not be generalized for all friend groups using this type of feature. Instead, it could contribute to new perspectives on how the comparison of screen time can be used in contexts of digital detox.

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