Colleges and universities are experiencing increased enrollment of students diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These students often demonstrate difficulties in social situations, such as interacting with peers or understanding social cues. As a result, students diagnosed with ASD can seem socially awkward and engage in inappropriate behaviors in social contexts. Currently, there are few studies that examine social skills interventions for college students diagnosed with ASD. A well-established intervention for addressing social skill development is video-self modeling (VSM). Until now, VSM research has focused on primary and secondary students, without investigating this intervention's effects on the social skills of individuals in the postsecondary setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of VSM on social skills for individuals diagnosed with ASD in postsecondary settings. In this study, we examined the effects of VSM on social skills (i.e., social initiations, eye contact, and pausing) using a multiple baseline design across therapists and a multiple baseline design across participants with generalization probes. Results demonstrated high levels of response to VSM for three participants compared to baseline conditions, and moderate response for the fourth participant. / text

The purpose of the study was to examine the efficacy of video self-modeling as a reading fluency intervention for elementary school students. The participants were 10-year-old male students, and they were enrolled in 4th or 5th grade. All of the participants carry disabilities, including Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. 2 participants participated in the study in a clinic setting, and one participant participated in the study in a school setting. Before attending the intervention sessions, the participants attended pre-participation assessment sessions to evaluate if their current reading skills and behavioral repertoire met the purposes of the current study. Following the screening procedures, the participants participated in the baseline measurements, video developments, alternating treatments phase, confirmatory phase, and follow-up phase. The results indicated the stand-alone Video Self-Modeling was efficacious for 2 out of 3 participants, and the Video Self-Modeling as a supplemental intervention component showed its efficacy for 1 participant. The findings showed various practical implications. Limitations and future studies are also discussed.

Video self-modeling has been found to be effective in increasing appropriate behaviors, increasing task fluency, and decreasing inappropriate behaviors. During video self-modeling, a student is filmed completing a task and then mistakes, prompts, and negative behaviors are edited from the video. When the edited video is viewed by the subject student, the student views a perfect model of him or herself successfully completing the given task. Video self-modeling has been used predominately with participants with autism spectrum disorder. This study is a replication of a previous study in which the effectiveness of video self-modeling and video peer modeling was compared (Sherer, Paredes, Kisacky, Ingersoll, & Schreiman, 2001). Sherer et al. evaluated these procedures with high functioning students with autism using a combined multiple baseline across participants and alternating treatment design. This study differs from Sherer et al.'s study in its use of participants who have multiple disabilities and low cognitive functioning. The results show that video self-modeling is effective for some participants while video peer modeling is effective for others. The individual student's preference for one form of video modeling over another form may indicate the method that is best for a particular participant. Implications for further research are included.

The number of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases has surged in the U.S. educational system since the mid-2000s. At the same, paraprofessionals who work with these students are not being given adequate training, especially in how to implement applied behavior analytic services. To address paraprofessional's inadequate training, new behavioral treatments have surfaced, including Video Self-Modeling (VSM). VSM is an effective intervention tool derived heavily from Bandura's social learning theory. VSM uses edited video clips in which paraprofessionals view him or herself correctly performing target skills. This study used a single-subject, modified multiple baseline design to evaluate whether VSM could improve the accuracy of procedural integrity when implementing DTI. A sample of 5 novice paraprofessionals was used; all participants worked directly with ASD students with 6 months to 2 years experience, supported an ASD student in an inclusive setting for at least 75% of the school day, and had no previous training in DTI. Three of the 5 participants exhibited immediate and significant gains in DTI implementation, and those gains were maintained during follow-up. One participant demonstrated moderate gain during the follow-up. To determine effective significance, visual analysis, combined with level of performance, non-overlapping data points, and effect sizes were used. VSM treatment was rated as an acceptable treatment according to the social validity scale and the Intervention Rating Profile (IRP-15). This study contributes to positive social change by offering a viable treatment approach that can be used to train paraprofessionals who instruct students with ASD.

Reading fluency bridges the concepts of word recognition and reading comprehension, both of which are vital skills needed to become a successful reader. This study evaluated the impact of video self-modeling (VSM) on oral reading fluency in four upper elementary students at-risk for failing in reading. A multiple-baseline design across participants was used to evaluate the outcomes of the VSM intervention. The results indicate that VSM may have a positive impact on reading fluency of students at-risk for reading failure; the use of VSM was positively associated with increases in reading fluency in three of the four participants. The participant for whom VSM alone did not result in substantial reading gains needed an additional repeated reading intervention to improve fluency. Generalization occurred for all participants and some evidence of maintenance was noted in three participants. Social validity surveys indicated high acceptability of the VSM intervention by study participants.

Social communication deficits have been identified as one of the core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies have shown that video modeling is an effective intervention for improving social communication in children with ASD. The purpose of this project is to provide an accessible resource for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) seeking to implement video modeling interventions for children with ASD, drawing upon empirical research to inform recommended procedures for SLPs. This guidebook provides step-by-step procedures for implementing video modeling intervention, including selection of target behaviors and video models, video production, techniques for implementing interventions, and methods of measuring progress. Associated intervention strategies are also discussed. Additional resources are provided to support SLPs in implementing video modeling interventions, including data collection forms, sample scripts, and sample lesson plans. This project also includes examples of videos created using children and adults as models. As video modeling appears to be an effective approach for ameliorating social communication deficits in children with ASD, SLPs may benefit from a practical guide for implementing video modeling interventions in a variety of settings. / text

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Students with ED often exhibit disruptive behavior in the classroom that adversely affects the learning environment (Cook, Gresham, Kern, Barreras, Thornton, & Crews, 2008). Culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students tend to be over-represented in this category of disability. Despite the fact that the majority of students identified with ED are male, females do represent 23.6% of this population (U.S. Department of Education, 1998; Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009). Additionally, a large number of individuals with ED are high school age (Wagner, Friend, Bursuck, Kutash, Duchnowski, Sumi, & Epstein, 2006). Interventions used with this population have often been punitive in nature, designed to control behavior rather than to help an individual improve (Newcomer, 2003). Efforts of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 and the Individual with Disabilities Act (IDEA) require the use of scientifically-based practices when addressing academic and behavioral goals. A variety of interventions for students with ED have been investigated. While many of these interventions produce degrees of positive change, they often demand a great deal of time and effort from the teacher (Wagner et al., 2006). Video self-modeling (VSM) is an intervention involving an individual watching him/herself on video demonstrating desired and appropriate behavior. It has been proven successful with other challenging populations (e.g., individuals with autism) (Buggey, 2005). Few studies of VSM have been conducted with secondary students with ED. The present study was designed to analyze the effects that VSM had on four secondary CLD students with ED across a variety of behaviors, including laughing obnoxiously out loud, using profanity, and requesting help. Multiple baseline designs across students were used to evaluate performance. The results indicated all four participants exhibited immediate and significant gains upon implementation of the VSM intervention, and that those gains were maintained after cessation of intervention. The findings suggest that VSM may represent a positive behavior change intervention worthy of consideration for CLD secondary students with ED. / text

Social communication deficits have been identified as one of the core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies have shown that video modeling is an effective intervention for improving social communication in children with ASD. The purpose of this project is to provide an accessible resource for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) seeking to implement video modeling interventions for children with ASD, drawing upon empirical research to inform recommended procedures for SLPs. This guidebook provides step-by-step procedures for implementing video modeling intervention, including selection of target behaviors and video models, video production, techniques for implementing interventions, and methods of measuring progress. Associated intervention strategies are also discussed. Additional resources are provided to support SLPs in implementing video modeling interventions, including data collection forms, sample scripts, and sample lesson plans. This project also includes examples of videos created using children and adults as models. As video modeling appears to be an effective approach for ameliorating social communication deficits in children with ASD, SLPs may benefit from a practical guide for implementing video modeling interventions in a variety of settings.

Public performance is often a central component of music education for young musicians, and the demands of performing in festivals, exams, auditions, and recitals can cause young performers to experience music performance anxiety (MPA: Boucher & Ryan, 2011; Thomas & Nettelbeck, 2014). The current dissertation explored MPA in young musicians from a variety of perspectives, using four main research purposes. The first article examined the relationship between MPA and self-efficacy in young musicians and investigated the extent to which gender moderates the relationships between MPA, age, and self-efficacy in young musicians (aged 7-17 years). The results of statistical analyses indicated that while gender did not moderate the relationship between age and MPA, age had a significant main effect on MPA. There was no significant difference between males’ and females’ levels of self-reported MPA. Additionally, there were no significant main effects of age or gender on self-efficacy, or an effect of gender on the relationship between age and self-efficacy. A strong negative relationship between self-efficacy and MPA indicates that students with low levels of self-efficacy are more likely to have high levels of MPA. Next, the MPA/self-efficacy and MPA/age-related findings from article one led to the second and third articles of this dissertation which investigated a self-modeling intervention designed to target MPA and self-efficacy in adolescent musicians. Article two examined the relational changes between MPA, self-efficacy, performance quality, and behavioural anxiety in five adolescent piano students over a six-week intervention. The study also explored the effects of a positive self-review self-modeling intervention on adolescent musicians using quantitative methods. Results indicated that the relational changes between MPA, self-efficacy, and performance quality are complex. There were no observed relationships between MPA and self-efficacy or performance, suggesting that MPA can have both debilitative and facilitate effects on these variables. Additionally, there was no relationship between MPA and behavioural anxiety, suggesting that students may appear less anxious than they feel. Finally, the results suggest that self-modeling has individual effects on musicians, meaning that self-modeling can provide teachers with a versatile strategy for reducing MPA, improving performance quality, and/or increasing performance confidence. Article three expanded on the self-efficacy results of article two and investigated how Bandura’s (1977) four sources of efficacy influenced self-efficacy beliefs in adolescent musicians within a six-week self-modeling intervention. The study also explored the effects of a positive self-review self-modeling intervention on musician self-efficacy using qualitative methods. Results indicated that mastery experience was most influential on self-efficacy beliefs in participants. Observing similarly skilled models, receiving positive feedback, and feeling calm or focused prior to performance increased self-efficacy in participants, while observing advanced models, making negative comparisons, and feeling anxious, distracted, or fatigued decreased self-efficacy. These results provide music teachers with several practical strategies that may facilitate stronger self-efficacy beliefs in students. Additionally, the self-modeling video increased self-efficacy when participants liked and related to their video or used the video to facilitate performance improvements, suggesting that both the performance and strategic functions of modeling may be beneficial to musicians. Finally, the fourth and final article of the dissertation explored MPA from music teachers’ perspectives by identifying and describing common coping strategies teachers use to support students with MPA. A quantitative content analysis of scientific and non-scientific MPA literature identified preparation, open communication, realistic expectations, exposure therapy, and deep breathing as the five most common coping strategies mentioned in the literature. Qualitative thematic analyses of literature and semi-structured interview transcripts with piano teachers provided descriptions of the five commonly identified strategies. A comparison of literature and interview results suggests a gap between research knowledge of MPA and practical teaching application. While music teachers employ a variety of strategies to help students cope with MPA, they may also benefit from formal MPA training opportunities grounded in research to provide additional resources for effectively managing students with MPA. The four articles of the dissertation combine to give an overview of MPA in young musicians from several different perspectives. Findings from article one help identify students who may be more at risk to suffer from MPA, while self-modeling findings from articles two and three provide musicians and teachers with a viable strategy to help reduce MPA and increase self-efficacy. Finally, given that teachers can act as a front-line defense against MPA (Liu, 2016), findings from article four help identify areas where researchers can provide teachers with further MPA training, which will in turn help fortify young musicians against MPA.