Depuis quelques années, des évolutions importantes ont lieu en matière d’infrastructures technologiques. En particulier, la démocratisation des dispositifs mobiles (comme les PCs, Smartphones, Tablettes, etc.) a rendu l’information accessible par le grand public partout et à tout moment, ce qui est l’origine du concept d’informatique ubiquitaire. L’approche classique des systèmes de l’informatique ubiquitaire, qui répondent aux besoins des utilisateurs indépendants les uns des autres, a été bouleversée par l’introduction de la dimension sociale. Ce rapprochement est à l’origine d’une discipline naissante « le pervasive social computing » ou l’informatique socio-pervasive. Les applications socio-pervasives connaissent une véritable expansion. Ces dernières intègrent de plus en plus la notion de communauté. Le succès des applications communautaires se justifie par le but poursuivi par ces dernières qui est de répondre aux besoins des communautés et d’offrir un ‘chez soi’ virtuel, spécifique à la communauté, dans lequel elle va construire sa propre identité et réaliser ses objectifs. Par ailleurs, la notion de communauté représente une source d’informations contextuelles sociales. Elle est, aujourd’hui, au cœur des problématiques de personnalisation et d’adaptation des applications informatiques. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous étudions sous différents aspects les applications informatiques centrées communautés existantes et soulignons un certain nombre de carences au niveau même de la notion de communauté, des modèles de communautés, ou encore des architectures dédiées à ces applications communautaires, etc. Pour remédier à ces défauts, nous proposons trois principales contributions : Un nouveau type de communauté adapté aux exigences des environnements pervasifs qui vient rompre avec les traditionnelles communautés pérennes thématiques : des communautés éphémères, géolocalisées et spontanées (sans contrainte thématique). 
 Un modèle de communauté basé sur les standards du web sémantique pour répondre aux problèmes liés à l’hétérogénéité de conception des communautés. Une architecture dynamiquement reconfigurable pour promouvoir les communautés spontanées en aidant les utilisateurs nomades à intégrer des communautés environnantes et à découvrir les services dédiés. 
Nous montrons la faisabilité de nos propositions pour la conception et le développement d’applications communautaires spontanées grâce au prototype Taldea. Enfin, nous testons les approches proposées de découverte de communauté et de services à travers plusieurs scénarios caractérisés par la mobilité et l’ubiquité. / Advances in technology, in particular the democratization of mobile devices (PCs, smartphones and tablets), has made information accessible to anyone at any time and from anywhere while facilitating the capture of physical contextual data, thereby justifying the growing interest for pervasive computing. The classical approach of pervasive computing has been affected by the introduction of the social dimension. Ubiquitous systems do not meet the needs of users independently from each other but do take into account their social context. Fostering the social dimension has given rise to a fast growing research field called Pervasive Social Computing. Applications in this area are increasingly concerned by communities. The contextual information associated with a community can be harnessed for personalization, adaptability and dynamic deployment of services, which are important factors for Pervasive Computing. A community is considered in our approach as a set of distinct social entities that should be supported with services as a single user is. In this thesis, we look into different aspects of existing centered communities applications and we identify several weaknesses and shortcomings in the notion of community, the community models, and the architecture of communities’ applications. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose three main contributions: A new type of communities that fits better with the requirements of pervasive environments: short- lived, geolocated and spontaneous (without thematic constraint) community. Intuitively, it is the type of community that best matches with circumstantial, accidental, incidental or fortuitous situations. This kind of community has to meet specific needs, which are not taken into account by perennial thematic communities. 
 A model for communities based on semantic web standards to overcome the problem of heterogeneity across definitions and models. The ontological representation allows us to organize and represent social data, to make information searches easier for users and to infer new knowledge. 
 A dynamically reconfigurable architecture for fostering spontaneous communities in order to facilitate the user access to communities, information exchange between community members and service discovery. 
The proposed architecture for community and service discovery have been validated through a prototype called Taldea and have been tested through several scenarios characterized by mobility and ubiquity.

The adoption and implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM), as technologies and processes, in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry marked a significant step forward in advanced digital transformation. One of the distinctive features of the AEC industry is that it necessitates a collaborative effort between several actors from different domains to realize building projects effectively. The involved actors employ different BIM platforms and tools that best suit the task they perform. In addition, the actors rely on one another for information to successfully perform their tasks indicating the crucial importance of digital collaboration and information exchanges between the involved actors. Building product manufacturers are among the important actors in the AEC industry and digitizing how building product data is shared and exchanged is an essential factor for the success of digital BIM processes. The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is a widely used data schema for representing building information in a neutral format to support information exchanges between different digital tools. Currently, IFC is supported by several BIM applications employed in the industry and can successfully exchange geometric information of a product. However, the IFC data schema does not cover explicit semantic definitions for domain-specific, innovative or multifunctional product data descriptions, making semantic enrichment of product data difficult. In addition, semantic queries, consistency checking, reasoning and automated data processing are challenging to apply on the IFC models. Several studies suggest using web-based standards and technologies, including the semantic web, to digitally manage and share information. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate how the semantic web technologies can support information interoperability and data integration processes between the manufacturing and building industries. As a proof of concept, a prototype is developed to investigate and demonstrate the feasibility of using the semantic web technologies for information exchanges. The design science research methodology frames the research work presented in this thesis and guides the development and evaluation of the prototype. The prototype is evaluated, with industry representatives, based on product description requirements derived from the research problem and related studies. The outcome demonstrates the feasibility of applying the semantic web technologies in the AEC industry, implying the potential benefits the semantic web could provide in addressing the industry's long-standing information interoperability challenge. / Implementeringen av Byggnads Information Modeller (BIM) har varit en katalysator för digitaliseringen inom samhällsbyggnadssektorn. En av de utmärkande egenskaperna hos samhällsbyggnadssektorn är att det krävs samarbete mellan ett stort antal aktörer, från olika domäner, för att effektivt realisera byggprojekt. De inblandade aktörerna använder oftast olika digitala verktyg, anpassade för de uppgifter aktören utför. De olika aktörerna är också helt beroende av de andra aktörernas information för att framgångsrikt kunna utföra sina uppgifter. Detta gör att ett väl fungerande digitalt samarbete och informationsutbyte är av avgörande betydelse. Då byggnader och anläggningar till stor del består av produkter från tillverkningsindustrin så är tillverkarna en kategori viktiga aktörer inom samhällsbyggnadssektorn och digitaliseringen av produktdata är en väsentlig faktor för digitaliseringen av sektorn. Informationsutbyten mellan aktörerna sker idag främst med hjälp av Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). IFC täcker inte explicita semantiska definitioner för domänspecifika, innovativa eller multifunktionella produktdatabeskrivningar vilket gör det svårt att semantiskt berika produktdata. Dessutom är sökning efter produktdata, med hjälp av semantiska frågor, och automatiserad databehandling utmanande i dagsläget. P g a dessa problem föreslår flera studier att man bör applicera standarder och tekniker framtagna för WWW, inklusive teknologier från området semantiska nätverk, för att digitalt hantera och dela information. Syftet med denna forskning är att undersöka hur dessa teknologier kan stödja informationsutbytet mellan tillverknings- och byggindustrin. Forskningen utfördes enligt forskningsmetodiken Design Science Research (DSR). En prototyp har implementerats. Prototypens funktionalitet och användbarhet utvärderades tillsammans med branschrepresentanter. Dessutom utvärderades prototypen med hjälp av en kravlista som utformades med hjälp av vetenskaplig litteratur inom området. Resultaten från utvärderingen visar att teknologin från området semantiska nätverk kan användas för att informationsutbyten av produktdata mellan tillverknings- och byggindustrier. Resultaten visar också att denna teknologi kan lösa vissa av de problem som länge varit en utmaning i samhällsbyggnadssektorn.