Two successive ejaculates were collected from six mature Holstein bulls at 3 d intervals for 7 wks. Elevated testicular temperature was induced by complete coverage of the scrotum with insulated material for 48 h. Viability (motility and acrosome integrity) and morphological characteristics of sperm before and after thermal insult were examined. For assessment of results, collection days were grouped: days -6, -3, 0 = Period 1 (d 0 = day of testis coverage after semen collection on that day), days 3, 6, 9 = Period 2 , days 12, 15...39 = Period 3. Semen was cryopreserved on each day of collection until morphological abnormalities of sperm increased to >50%. Semen viability before and after freezing was lower in Period 3 than in Period 1 (P≤.01). These differences coincided with increased abnormal morphology. No differences in viability were observed between Period 1 and Period 2 for unfrozen semen. Once frozen, spermatozoa ejaculated during Period 2 were significantly different from Period 1 for both viability measurements, but only after 3 h incubation at 37°C (P≤.01). Mean percent pre-insult abnormal sperm level was 19.6 ± 5.7 and sperm morphology in Period 1 (pre-insult) did not differ from that in Period 2. Morphological change was first noted in Period 3 on d 12 and 15 (47.5 ± 27.4 and 65.0 ± 27.0 % abnormal sperm, respectively). Abnormal sperm peaked on d 21 (83.2 ± 22.8 %). Although bulls varied in degree and time of response post-insult, all bulls exhibited the same sequence of appearance for specific abnormalities. The sequence and peak means for these abnormalities observed over all bulls were as follows: decapitated sperm, d 15 (33.9 ± 28.8 %); diadem defect, d 18 (55.6 ± 25.8 %); pyriform heads and nuclear vacuoles (excluding diadems), d 21 (18.3 ± 17.6 and 20.8 ± 10.5 %, respectively); knobbed acrosomes, d 27 (11.6 ± 13.6 % ). Sperm morphology was followed through d 39, by which time all bulls were producing ≤50% abnormal cells (35.2 ± 8.0 %). We concluded that viability of epididymal/rete sperm was adversely affected by elevated testicular temperatures, as noted by lowered viability of cryopreserved semen, and that there is a sequence in appearance of abnormal cell types in repsponse to thermal insult of the testis. / Master of Science

A comparison of the results of Experiments 1 and 2 vividly demonstrates the vulnerability of ram spermatozoa to the stress of freeze-thawing. When ram spermatozoa were subjected to freeze-thaw stress, there was more variation among treatments reflected in maintenance of both intact acrosomes and motile life (Experiment 2, Table 9) than when unfrozen sperm were studied (Experiment 1, Table 5). The influence of glycerol and Tris are particularly noteworthy. Though rate of thaw is not part of the surrounding media, it does control the amount of time the cells are subjected to an even more hostile environment (high salt concentrations) encountered near the melting point of ice. Therefore, the benefit of higher thaw temperatures and resulting faster thaw rates was undoubtedly due to minimizing exposure time of spermatozoa to this adverse condition. / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1964 C552 / Master of Science

No description available.

La vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) es una especie silvestre de Camélido Sudamericano (CSA). Está clasificada en Bajo Riesgo según la IUCN, no obstante, como continúa estando amenazada, se requiere estudios enfocados en su conservación. Una herramienta de conservación es la reproducción asistida, sin embargo, para hacer uso de ella, primero se requiere conocer la fisiología básica de la especie. En ese sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un protocolo de contención química y colección de semen en vicuñas mediante la técnica de electroeyaculación, así como caracterizar el eyaculado obtenido. Fueron utilizados 9 individuos machos adultos de V. vicugna, clínicamente sanos, pertenecientes al Parque Zoológico Huachipa (n igual 3), Lima; CIP Quimsachata-INIEA (n igual 4), Puno; y Zoológico Municipal Cerrito de La Libertad (n igual 2), Huancayo. La electroeyaculación se realizó bajo anestesia general, utilizando la combinación de ketamina (7,83 mg Kg-1), xilacina (1,20 mg Kg-1) y atropina (0,07 mg Kg-1) (n igual 19), además de midazolam (0,35 mg Kg-1) (n igual 9). La colección de semen (n igual 16) se llevó a cabo con un electroeyaculador que constaba de un transductor rectal de 2 cm de diámetro y 3 electrodos de cobre espaciados por 0,4 cm. El animal fue colocado en decúbito y se le introdujo el transductor rectal lubricado de 10 a 15 cm dentro del recto. El protocolo de electroeyaculación consistió de estímulos progresivos desde los 2 V hasta los 12 V. Fue colectado eyaculado en 15 de los procedimientos. Los valores seminales encontrados son los siguientes (x ± EE): volumen 0,85 ± 0,12 ml; pH 7,09 ± 0,16; motilidad espermática no progresiva 28,08 ± 3,56 %; concentración 166,29 ± 60,92 x 104 espermatozoides/ml y espermatozoides normales 62,77 ± 1,96 %. En cuanto al volumen testicular, el valor total encontrado fue de 22,95 ± 2,28 cm3, el cual no tiene correlación con el volumen seminal y la concentración espermática (r igual 0,06 y r igual 0,16; P menor 0,05). Se concluye que la colección de semen por electroeyaculación en vicuñas es factible, asimismo las características seminales observadas son similares a las otras especies de CSA. / The vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) is a wild species of South American Camelid (SAC). From the conservation point of view, is classified at Low Risk by the IUCN. However, it is still a threatened species so many studies for their conservation are required. The assisted reproduction is a conservation tool, however it is necessary to know first the basic physiology of the species. In such sense, the aim of this study was to develop a protocol for chemical immobilization and semen collection using the electroejaculation technique, as well as to characterize the ejaculate obtained. Nine adult males of vicuna, clinically healthy, located at the Huachipa Zoological Park, Lima (n same 3), Quimsachata Research Station, Puno (n same 4) and Zoo Cerrito de La Libertad, Huancayo (n same 2) were used. The electroejaculation procedure was carried out under general anesthesia. The combination of ketamine (7,83 mg Kg-1), xilacine (1,20 mg Kg-1) and atropine (0,07 mg Kg-1) (n same 19) were used, besides of midazolam (0,35 mg Kg-1) (n same 9). Semen collection (n same 16) was carried out with an electroejaculator with a 2 cm diameter probe with 3 ventral electrodes spaced about 0,4 cm. With the animal in recumbent position, the lubricated probe was inserted 10 to 15 cm into the rectum. Progressive electrical stimuli from 2 V to 12 V was applied. Fifteen ejaculates were collected. Seminal values of the ejaculates were as follow (x ± SE): volume 0,85 ± 0,12 ml, pH 7,09 ± 0,16, non progressive sperm motility 28,08 ± 3,56 %; sperm concentration 166,29 ± 60,92 x 104 spermartozoa/ml and sperm normal morphology 62,77 ± 1,96 %. In the case of testicular volume, the total value found was 22,95 ± 2,28 cm3, and do not show correlation with seminal volume and sperm concentration (r same 0,06 y r same 0,16; P less 0,05). These results demonstrate that it is possible to collect semen by electroejaculation and the vicuna´s seminal values are similar with the others (SAC).

No description available.

La vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) es una especie silvestre de Camélido Sudamericano (CSA). Está clasificada en Bajo Riesgo según la IUCN, no obstante, como continúa estando amenazada, se requiere estudios enfocados en su conservación. Una herramienta de conservación es la reproducción asistida, sin embargo, para hacer uso de ella, primero se requiere conocer la fisiología básica de la especie. En ese sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un protocolo de contención química y colección de semen en vicuñas mediante la técnica de electroeyaculación, así como caracterizar el eyaculado obtenido. Fueron utilizados 9 individuos machos adultos de V. vicugna, clínicamente sanos, pertenecientes al Parque Zoológico Huachipa (n igual 3), Lima; CIP Quimsachata-INIEA (n igual 4), Puno; y Zoológico Municipal Cerrito de La Libertad (n igual 2), Huancayo. La electroeyaculación se realizó bajo anestesia general, utilizando la combinación de ketamina (7,83 mg Kg-1), xilacina (1,20 mg Kg-1) y atropina (0,07 mg Kg-1) (n igual 19), además de midazolam (0,35 mg Kg-1) (n igual 9). La colección de semen (n igual 16) se llevó a cabo con un electroeyaculador que constaba de un transductor rectal de 2 cm de diámetro y 3 electrodos de cobre espaciados por 0,4 cm. El animal fue colocado en decúbito y se le introdujo el transductor rectal lubricado de 10 a 15 cm dentro del recto. El protocolo de electroeyaculación consistió de estímulos progresivos desde los 2 V hasta los 12 V. Fue colectado eyaculado en 15 de los procedimientos. Los valores seminales encontrados son los siguientes (x ± EE): volumen 0,85 ± 0,12 ml; pH 7,09 ± 0,16; motilidad espermática no progresiva 28,08 ± 3,56 %; concentración 166,29 ± 60,92 x 104 espermatozoides/ml y espermatozoides normales 62,77 ± 1,96 %. En cuanto al volumen testicular, el valor total encontrado fue de 22,95 ± 2,28 cm3, el cual no tiene correlación con el volumen seminal y la concentración espermática (r igual 0,06 y r igual 0,16; P menor 0,05). Se concluye que la colección de semen por electroeyaculación en vicuñas es factible, asimismo las características seminales observadas son similares a las otras especies de CSA. / The vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) is a wild species of South American Camelid (SAC). From the conservation point of view, is classified at Low Risk by the IUCN. However, it is still a threatened species so many studies for their conservation are required. The assisted reproduction is a conservation tool, however it is necessary to know first the basic physiology of the species. In such sense, the aim of this study was to develop a protocol for chemical immobilization and semen collection using the electroejaculation technique, as well as to characterize the ejaculate obtained. Nine adult males of vicuna, clinically healthy, located at the Huachipa Zoological Park, Lima (n same 3), Quimsachata Research Station, Puno (n same 4) and Zoo Cerrito de La Libertad, Huancayo (n same 2) were used. The electroejaculation procedure was carried out under general anesthesia. The combination of ketamine (7,83 mg Kg-1), xilacine (1,20 mg Kg-1) and atropine (0,07 mg Kg-1) (n same 19) were used, besides of midazolam (0,35 mg Kg-1) (n same 9). Semen collection (n same 16) was carried out with an electroejaculator with a 2 cm diameter probe with 3 ventral electrodes spaced about 0,4 cm. With the animal in recumbent position, the lubricated probe was inserted 10 to 15 cm into the rectum. Progressive electrical stimuli from 2 V to 12 V was applied. Fifteen ejaculates were collected. Seminal values of the ejaculates were as follow (x ± SE): volume 0,85 ± 0,12 ml, pH 7,09 ± 0,16, non progressive sperm motility 28,08 ± 3,56 %; sperm concentration 166,29 ± 60,92 x 104 spermartozoa/ml and sperm normal morphology 62,77 ± 1,96 %. In the case of testicular volume, the total value found was 22,95 ± 2,28 cm3, and do not show correlation with seminal volume and sperm concentration (r same 0,06 y r same 0,16; P less 0,05). These results demonstrate that it is possible to collect semen by electroejaculation and the vicuna´s seminal values are similar with the others (SAC).

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.