We studied the eclosion rhythm of the marine midge Pontomyia oceana in southern Taiwan. The lunar/semilunr rhythm is known to be endogenous since it persists under continous light or dark conditions. In this study, we discovered that the period of the eclosion rhythm is about 15 days, although the midges have to spend an additional 15 days in the beginning of their lives before entering the eclosion rhythm. The period of the semilunrar eclosion rhythm is controlled by counting cycles of endogenous circadian rhythms which in term was entrainable by external light-dark (LD) cycles. We demonstrated this by modifying the period of LD cycles in different parts of their life histories with or without the entraining factor and then observing the ecolsion times in the laboratory. Night light can entrain the semilunar eclosion rhythm; we discovered that the cue and the eclosion are in the same phase of the semilunar rhythm but with a full cycle of shift. Temperature compensation in period control is demonstrated in this species. Q10 values close to 1 is found between 24 to 30¢XC in the laboratory.

Objetivo: Este trabalho avaliou comparativamente, por meio de parâmetros clínicos, as técnicas cirúrgicas do retalho posicionado coronalmente versus retalho semilunar modificado posicionado coronalmente. Materiais e Métodos: Foram selecionados 17 pacientes que apresentavam ao menos duas retrações gengivais classe I de Miller em dentes não molares da mesma arcada, bilateralmente. Os parâmetros clínicos avaliados foram: profundidade de sondagem (PS), índice de sangramento à sondagem (ISS), nível clínico de inserção (NCI), altura (ARG) e largura (LRG) das retrações gengivais, altura (AMQ) e espessura (EMQ) da mucosa queratinizada e altura (APAR) e largura (LPAR) das papilas mesiais e distais à retração. Um lado, aleatoriamente selecionado, recebeu retalho posicionado coronalmente (Grupo Controle-GC), enquanto no outro lado foi utilizada a técnica do retalho semilunar modificado posicionado coronalmente (Grupo Teste-GT). Resultados: Os parâmetros clínicos avaliados não apresentaram diferença estatística entre grupos. Na análise intra-grupos, houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao nível clínico de inserção e a altura da retração gengival em ambos os grupos na comparação entre o pré-tratamento x 3 meses e pré-tratamento x 6 meses. A largura da retração gengival apresentou diferenças intra-grupos apenas no GC na comparação pré-tratamento x 3 meses e pré-tratamento x 6 meses. O recobrimento radicular médio obtido foi de 75,26% para o GC e 61,82% para o GT. O recobrimento radicular completo obtido foi de 47,05% para o GC e 22,22% para o GT. Conclusão: Ambas as técnicas foram eficientes na redução de retrações gengivais classe I de Miller, com vantagem apenas numérica para a técnica do retalho posicionado coronalmente. / The aim of this study was to compare the modified semilunar coronally positioned flap (MSCPF) to coronally positioned flap (CPF), evaluating clinical parameters. Seventeen patients with bilateral Miller class I gingival recessions in non-molar teeth in the same jaw were selected. Clinical measurements of probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing index (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession height (GRH) and width (GRW), width (WKT) and thickness of keratinized tissue (TKT), and adjacent papillae height (APH) and width (APW) were determined at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-surgical treatment. One recession, randomly assigned, received MSCPF and the other was treated with CPF. Between groups analysis showed no statistical differences for all parameters. Intra-group analysis showed statistically significant differences for CAL and GRH in both groups for baseline x 3 months and baseline x 6 months and for GRW in the CPF Group for the same time intervals. Mean root coverage was 75.26% for the CPF Group and 61.82% for the MSCPF Group. Complete root coverage was 47.05% for CPF and 22.22% for MSCPF. Both techniques were effective in reducing Miller class I gingival recessions.

Objetivo: Este trabalho avaliou comparativamente, por meio de parâmetros clínicos, as técnicas cirúrgicas do retalho posicionado coronalmente versus retalho semilunar modificado posicionado coronalmente. Materiais e Métodos: Foram selecionados 17 pacientes que apresentavam ao menos duas retrações gengivais classe I de Miller em dentes não molares da mesma arcada, bilateralmente. Os parâmetros clínicos avaliados foram: profundidade de sondagem (PS), índice de sangramento à sondagem (ISS), nível clínico de inserção (NCI), altura (ARG) e largura (LRG) das retrações gengivais, altura (AMQ) e espessura (EMQ) da mucosa queratinizada e altura (APAR) e largura (LPAR) das papilas mesiais e distais à retração. Um lado, aleatoriamente selecionado, recebeu retalho posicionado coronalmente (Grupo Controle-GC), enquanto no outro lado foi utilizada a técnica do retalho semilunar modificado posicionado coronalmente (Grupo Teste-GT). Resultados: Os parâmetros clínicos avaliados não apresentaram diferença estatística entre grupos. Na análise intra-grupos, houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao nível clínico de inserção e a altura da retração gengival em ambos os grupos na comparação entre o pré-tratamento x 3 meses e pré-tratamento x 6 meses. A largura da retração gengival apresentou diferenças intra-grupos apenas no GC na comparação pré-tratamento x 3 meses e pré-tratamento x 6 meses. O recobrimento radicular médio obtido foi de 75,26% para o GC e 61,82% para o GT. O recobrimento radicular completo obtido foi de 47,05% para o GC e 22,22% para o GT. Conclusão: Ambas as técnicas foram eficientes na redução de retrações gengivais classe I de Miller, com vantagem apenas numérica para a técnica do retalho posicionado coronalmente. / The aim of this study was to compare the modified semilunar coronally positioned flap (MSCPF) to coronally positioned flap (CPF), evaluating clinical parameters. Seventeen patients with bilateral Miller class I gingival recessions in non-molar teeth in the same jaw were selected. Clinical measurements of probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing index (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession height (GRH) and width (GRW), width (WKT) and thickness of keratinized tissue (TKT), and adjacent papillae height (APH) and width (APW) were determined at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-surgical treatment. One recession, randomly assigned, received MSCPF and the other was treated with CPF. Between groups analysis showed no statistical differences for all parameters. Intra-group analysis showed statistically significant differences for CAL and GRH in both groups for baseline x 3 months and baseline x 6 months and for GRW in the CPF Group for the same time intervals. Mean root coverage was 75.26% for the CPF Group and 61.82% for the MSCPF Group. Complete root coverage was 47.05% for CPF and 22.22% for MSCPF. Both techniques were effective in reducing Miller class I gingival recessions.

The mechanism of semilunar emergence rhythm of the marine midge, Pontomyia oceana, was investigated. We used night light (1 lux) to entrain the emergence of the midge. Night light of 4 nights or more can effectively synchronize the semilunar emergence. Moreover, the night light has to be given about 10 days after fertilization to be effective. A batch of fertilized eggs of the marine midge emerge in two semilunar cycles, a second round of night-light treatment is necessary to synchronize the second peak of emergence. We also investigate whether the semilunar rhythm is dependent on the daily rhythm of the midge. Using different day length, from 20 to 28 hours per day, with equal light and dark periods, we want to know if the midges are counting numbers of light-dark cycles, or are independent of light-dark cycles, in determining their semilunar emergence. The results were intermediate between the two hypotheses. We suggest that the midge was not affected by light-dark cycle for the first 14 days of their life, afterward they count 15 light-dark cycles before emergence. This also explains how the second emergence peak occurs about 45 days after fertilization.

Two peaks of eclosion dates, about 15 days apart, occur in the same batch of fertilized eggs in the marine midge, Pontomyia oceana. Two hypotheses, the variable adaptive peaks and the bet-hedging hypotheses, were proposed as the ultimate factor of the polymorphic phenomenon. They were tested by experiments controlling feeding amount and photoperiod, as well as selective breeding experiments. The offspring eclosing in the two peaks do not differ in fecundities, egg diameters, thorax and head lengths of males; this is not compatible with the variable adaptive peaks hypothesis. Both peaks exist under various feeding and photoperiods, although peak ratios differed in the former. The results in the first peak lineage did not support there is genetic component in peak ratio determination. The experiments in the second peak lineage had much lower success rates, although the results seemed to suggest a genetic component. The results in a more extreme selection experiment did not support that there is genetic component either. The present results are more compatible with the bet-hedging hypothesis. Wind velocity may be a factor hard to predict by the midges, and it may cause reproductive failure of them. Whereas high emergence synchronization, a prominent feature of the marine midge, may have advantages in many aspects, it also concentrates the risk of total reproductive failure. Spreading offspring to more than one suitable eclosion peak, the midge may have sacrificed short-term reproductive rate for long-term fitness.

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