Les Inhibiteurs de l'activité Tyrosine Kinase (ITK) de BCR-ABL (Imatinib (IMA), Nilotinib (NIL) et Dasatinib (DAS)) ont révolutionné le traitement de la Leucémie Myéloïde Chronique (LMC), mais la cinétique et l'intensité des réponses thérapeutiques restent variables. Par ailleurs, plusieurs travaux démontrent qu'il persiste chez la majorité des patients des cellules souches leucémiques (CSL) CD34+ résistantes aux ITK et capables de reconstituer la maladie. Partant du principe que la thérapie ciblée (les ITK) devait atteindre le compartiment cellulaire et du constat qu'aucune méthode ne permettait d'évaluer la quantité d'ITK dans les cellules malignes vivantes, nous avons développé un procédé en cytométrie en flux pour quantifier ces molécules dans les cellules de la LMC. Nous avons ainsi démontré que la mort cellulaire des lignées K562 et KCL22 à 24h est étroitement corrélée à la quantité d'IMA accumulée dès la 1ère heure. L'application du procédé aux cellules primaires a montré un taux intracellulaire d'ITK dépendant des caractéristiques des cellules et variable d'un sujet à l'autre (Article 1). Pour l'instant, en raison de l'hétérogénéité de notre cohorte, nous n'avons pas pu mettre en évidence de corrélation entre l'accumulation des ITK et la réponse thérapeutique de la LMC. Notre procédé nous a permis de suivre l'accumulation in vivo du DAS dans les blastes circulants d'un patient LMC en phase d'acutisation, en parallèle de la réactivation de pSyk348 - que nous avons identifié comme marqueur de progression - au moment de l'échappement au DAS (Article 2). Un avantage majeur du procédé est la possibilité d'analyser les différentes sous-populations, dont les cellules CD34+ de LMC. Ces dernières ont un taux d'ITK intracellulaire plus faible que les cellules matures, voire absent chez certains patients. Pour l'instant une corrélation significative avec les tests clonogéniques effectués en parallèle est retrouvée seulement avec le DAS. Enfin, nos résultats préliminaires suggèrent des différences entre les cellules CD34+ du sang et de la moelle. En conclusion, ce procédé permet d'évaluer la quantité d'ITK dans des sous-populations cellulaires précises et viables. Nous envisageons de poursuivre ce projet par l'évaluation de l'intérêt d'un dosage précoce du taux d'ITC intracellulaire in vivo (après la 4ème prise) d'une part et d'autre part par l'étude de l'influence du microenvironnement sur la résistance des CSL de LMC aux ITK et sur certaines dérégulations propres à ce compartiment cellulaire. / The Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) of BCR-ABL (Imatinib (IMA), Nilotinib (NIL) and dasatinib (DAS)) have revolutionized the treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). However therapeutic responses remain variable. Moreover, several studies showed that most patients have persistent CD34+ leukemic stem cells (LSCs) resistant to TKI and the origin of disease relapse. Given that the targeted therapy (TKI) should reach malignant cells and that no method was able to assess the amount of TKI in viable target cells, we have developed a process by flow cytometry for TKI quantification in target cells. By using K562 and KCL22 cell lines we showed that cell death at 24hrs was closely related to IMA uptake after one hour of incubation. We then applied our method to primary cells and showed an intracellular level of IMA, NIL and DAS dependent on cell characteristics and heterogeneous from one subject to another (Article 1). Probably because of the heterogeneity of our series, we did not find any correlation between the accumulation of TKI and therapeutic response of CML. Moreover, we used our process to observe a decrease in DAS accumulation in vivo in circulating blasts of a CML patient with acute transformation, in spite of significant DAS uptake, we observed a recurrence of Syk phosphorylation in Y348 that we identified as a potential marker of acutisation, at the same time of disease resistance (Article 2). A major advantage of our process is the possibility to analyze the different cell subsets, including CD34+ CML cells. These cells had a lower (even absent in cells from some patients) level of intracellular TKI compared to mature cells. The clonogenic assays performed in parallel showed a significant correlation with DAS only. Finally, our preliminary results suggest differences between CD34+ cells from blood and those from bone marrow. In conclusion, our process allows evaluating the amount of TKI in viable cell subpopulations. This project will be continued with i) the study of the potential interest of the early evaluation of in vivo intracellular level of TKI (after the fourth dose) and ii) the influence of the microenvironment on CSL resistance to TKI and epigenetics deregulations.

As the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency continues to grow, mounting evidence supporting its link with chronic disease strengthens suggesting vitamin D’s candidacy in the prevention and treatment of multiple disease states and their complications. Dietary guidelines, however, do not take sun exposure into account. The present study sought to explore the impact of sun exposure on vitamin D status (serum 25(OH)D), and identify other significant determinants of serum levels which may have the greatest effects on overall health. Participants (n = 34) were pre-menopausal women aged 18 to 50 years (mean age 39 ± 6 years), who had their blood drawn at a local pathology lab and a follow-up appointment at a health assessment lab for the collection of other measurements. Mean serum 25(OH)D level was 64 ± 18 nmol/L, and mean dietary vitamin D intake was approximately 327 ± 229 IU/day. Although 82% of participants were below the RDA guidelines (600 IU/day for females ages 9-50 years) for dietary vitamin D intake, only 32% had serum 25(OH)D levels < 50 nmol/L (the recommended level of sufficiency for bone health) reflecting deficiency. While serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly correlated to dietary vitamin D intake (r = 0.42, p = 0.0139), it is reasonable to assume that participants obtained adequate vitamin D from sun exposure. Fasting serum insulin levels were significantly, positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001), and sun exposure index (Body Surface Area x Minutes of Direct Sunlight) was significantly, positively correlated with serum 25(OH)D levels (fall weekend SEI: r = 0.47, p = 0.0059; spring weekend SEI: r = 0.43, p = 0.0135; average weekend SEI: r = 0.43, p = 0.013; and average overall SEI: r = 0.39, p = 0.0247). Reported sun exposure appeared to be least during winter weekdays and the most during summer weekends. Regression analysis was used to determine the strongest predictors of serum 25(OH)D levels, which were found to be sun exposure, dietary vitamin D intake, skin reflectance, age, BMI, and ethnicity (R2 = 0.58 , p = 0.0031), demonstrating that simple questionnaires, such as those employed in this study, can help to predict serum 25(OH)D status and thus be considered in the future treatment of vitamin D deficiency.