<p>The use of MRI for patient examinations has constantly increased as technical development has lead to faster image acquisitions and higher image quality. Nevertheless, an MR-examination still takes relatively long time and yet another way of speeding up the process is to employ parallel imaging. In this thesis, one of these parallel imaging techniques, called SENSE, is described and examined more closely.</p><p>When SENSE is employed, the number of spatial encoding steps can be reduced thanks to the use of several receiving coils. A reduction of the number of phase encoding steps not only leads to faster image acquisition, but also to superimposed pixel values in image space. In order to be able to separate the aliased pixels, knowledge about the spatial sensitivity of the coils is required.</p><p>There are several different alternatives to how and when information about the sensitivities of the coils should be collected, but in this thesis, focus is on the method of performing a reference measurement before the actual scan. The reference measurement consists of a fast, low-resolution sequence which either is collected with both the body coil and the parallel imaging coil or only with the parallel imaging coil. A comparison of these two methods by simulations in program written MATLAB leads to the conclusion that even if the scan time of the reference measurement is doubled it seems like there are numerous advantages of also collecting data with the body coil:</p><p>• the images are more homogeneous which facilitates the establishment of a diagnose</p><p>• the noise levels in the reconstructed images are somewhat lower</p><p>• images collected with a reduced sampling density show better agreement with those collected without reduction.</p><p>Furthermore, it is shown that the reference measurement preferably should be a 3D sequence covering all the volume of interest. If a 2D sequence is used it is absolutely necessary that it can be performed in any plane and it has to be repeated for every plane that is imaged.</p>

The use of MRI for patient examinations has constantly increased as technical development has lead to faster image acquisitions and higher image quality. Nevertheless, an MR-examination still takes relatively long time and yet another way of speeding up the process is to employ parallel imaging. In this thesis, one of these parallel imaging techniques, called SENSE, is described and examined more closely. When SENSE is employed, the number of spatial encoding steps can be reduced thanks to the use of several receiving coils. A reduction of the number of phase encoding steps not only leads to faster image acquisition, but also to superimposed pixel values in image space. In order to be able to separate the aliased pixels, knowledge about the spatial sensitivity of the coils is required. There are several different alternatives to how and when information about the sensitivities of the coils should be collected, but in this thesis, focus is on the method of performing a reference measurement before the actual scan. The reference measurement consists of a fast, low-resolution sequence which either is collected with both the body coil and the parallel imaging coil or only with the parallel imaging coil. A comparison of these two methods by simulations in program written MATLAB leads to the conclusion that even if the scan time of the reference measurement is doubled it seems like there are numerous advantages of also collecting data with the body coil: • the images are more homogeneous which facilitates the establishment of a diagnose • the noise levels in the reconstructed images are somewhat lower • images collected with a reduced sampling density show better agreement with those collected without reduction. Furthermore, it is shown that the reference measurement preferably should be a 3D sequence covering all the volume of interest. If a 2D sequence is used it is absolutely necessary that it can be performed in any plane and it has to be repeated for every plane that is imaged.

Conteúdo: v. 1 Texto - v. 2 Atlas de sensibilidade ambiental a derramamentos de petróleo do sistema estuarino de Santos, estado de São Paulo / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o mapeamento de sensibilidade ambiental a derramamentos de óleo do estuário de Cubatão e entorno, em escala de detalhe (operacional), utilizando um Sistema de Informação Geográfica. A metodologia segue as normas de padronização do Ministério do Meio Ambiente. A área do estuário em sua totalidade pode ser considerada de alta sensibilidade, pois o ecossistema predominante é o manguezal. Além de ser um ecossistema de alta biodiversidade e produtividade, o manguezal apresenta baixo hidrodinamismo e sedimento lamoso, resultando em uma significativa persistência do óleo no ecossistema. Além disso, as técnicas que permitem limpar o óleo deste ambiente são limitadas. O estuário de Cubatão e seu entorno pode ser considerado também uma área suscetível a vazamentos de óleo devido à presença de diversas fontes potenciais de poluição como oleodutos, terminais, indústrias e movimentação de navios. Isto torna a área além de muito sensível, muito vulnerável em diversos pontos. Este estudo apresenta um conjunto de sete cartas SAO, sendo uma carta tática, em escala 1: 80.000, e seis cartas operacionais, em escala 1: 25.000, além de mapas temáticos, quadros de recursos visuais e listagem das espécies encontradas no estuário. Em um cenário de vazamento de óleo, as cartas SAO são de extrema utilidade, pois fornecem informações claras para a resposta. Portanto, estes instrumentos representam uma ferramenta fundamental para o balizamento das ações de resposta a vazamentos de óleo, pois permitem o direcionamento dos recursos disponíveis e a mobilização mais eficiente das equipes de proteção e limpeza, minimizando os impactos no ambiente e reforçando os instrumentos políticos e administrativos de ordenamento territorial. / Abstract: The aim of this work is to realize the environmental sensitivity mapping for oil spills of the Cubatão estuary and surroundings areas, in detail spatial scale, using a Geographic Information System. The methodology follows the standards determined by the Brazilian Federal Environment Organ (Ministry of the Environment). The study area can be considered of high sensitivity, because the mangrove is the predominant ecosystem. The mangrove is an ecosystem of high biodiversity and productivity; it presents low hydro energy and mud sediment, resulting in a significant persistence of the oil in this ecosystem. Besides, the techniques that allow cleaning the oil of this environment are limited. The estuary of Cubatão and surroundings areas can be considered also a susceptible area to oil spills due to the presence of several potential fountains of pollution like oil pipelines, terminals, industries and traffic of ships. These turn the area sensitive and very vulnerable in several points. This article shows a set of seven ESI maps including a tactical one, scale 1: 80.000, and six in detail scale, 1:25.000. It also shows thematic maps, visual resources and a species list from the estuary. In oil spill sceneries, sensitivity maps are extremely usefulness, since the maps supply clear informations for the response likes. So, these instruments represent a essential tool for the coordination of actions in oil spills sceneries, while they allow the management of available resources and the most efficient mobilization of the protection and cleaning teams, minimizing the impacts in the environment and reinforcing the political and administrative instruments of territorial ordainment. / Obra em 2 volumes, sendo: v. 1 texto impresso com 87 folhas e v. 2 em CD-ROM (atlas) / Orientador: Gilberto José Garcia / Coorientador: João Carvalho Milanelli / Banca: Paulina Setti Riedel / Banca: Eduardo A. Yassuda / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 devids_cc_me_rcla.pdf: 1063898 bytes, checksum: a773cc0c72594059ad6f1e47ba624389 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o mapeamento de sensibilidade ambiental a derramamentos de óleo do estuário de Cubatão e entorno, em escala de detalhe (operacional), utilizando um Sistema de Informação Geográfica. A metodologia segue as normas de padronização do Ministério do Meio Ambiente. A área do estuário em sua totalidade pode ser considerada de alta sensibilidade, pois o ecossistema predominante é o manguezal. Além de ser um ecossistema de alta biodiversidade e produtividade, o manguezal apresenta baixo hidrodinamismo e sedimento lamoso, resultando em uma significativa persistência do óleo no ecossistema. Além disso, as técnicas que permitem limpar o óleo deste ambiente são limitadas. O estuário de Cubatão e seu entorno pode ser considerado também uma área suscetível a vazamentos de óleo devido à presença de diversas fontes potenciais de poluição como oleodutos, terminais, indústrias e movimentação de navios. Isto torna a área além de muito sensível, muito vulnerável em diversos pontos. Este estudo apresenta um conjunto de sete cartas SAO, sendo uma carta tática, em escala 1: 80.000, e seis cartas operacionais, em escala 1: 25.000, além de mapas temáticos, quadros de recursos visuais e listagem das espécies encontradas no estuário. Em um cenário de vazamento de óleo, as cartas SAO são de extrema utilidade, pois fornecem informações claras para a resposta. Portanto, estes instrumentos representam uma ferramenta fundamental para o balizamento das ações de resposta a vazamentos de óleo, pois permitem o direcionamento dos recursos disponíveis e a mobilização mais eficiente das equipes de proteção e limpeza, minimizando os impactos no ambiente e reforçando os instrumentos políticos e administrativos de ordenamento territorial. / The aim of this work is to realize the environmental sensitivity mapping for oil spills of the Cubatão estuary and surroundings areas, in detail spatial scale, using a Geographic Information System. The methodology follows the standards determined by the Brazilian Federal Environment Organ (Ministry of the Environment). The study area can be considered of high sensitivity, because the mangrove is the predominant ecosystem. The mangrove is an ecosystem of high biodiversity and productivity; it presents low hydro energy and mud sediment, resulting in a significant persistence of the oil in this ecosystem. Besides, the techniques that allow cleaning the oil of this environment are limited. The estuary of Cubatão and surroundings areas can be considered also a susceptible area to oil spills due to the presence of several potential fountains of pollution like oil pipelines, terminals, industries and traffic of ships. These turn the area sensitive and very vulnerable in several points. This article shows a set of seven ESI maps including a tactical one, scale 1: 80.000, and six in detail scale, 1:25.000. It also shows thematic maps, visual resources and a species list from the estuary. In oil spill sceneries, sensitivity maps are extremely usefulness, since the maps supply clear informations for the response likes. So, these instruments represent a essential tool for the coordination of actions in oil spills sceneries, while they allow the management of available resources and the most efficient mobilization of the protection and cleaning teams, minimizing the impacts in the environment and reinforcing the political and administrative instruments of territorial ordainment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 matos_mp_dr_rcla.pdf: 7458708 bytes, checksum: 27dd30e425e4a208ca3b2cc6d400b5ba (MD5) / O gerenciamento costeiro tem sido um tema largamente debatido tanto no âmbito acadêmico quanto na esfera do poder público, no momento em que é possível verificar um claro estímulo para políticas de gestão participativa de locais estratégicos para a sociedade em sua totalidade. Dentre os chamados locais estratégicos, destacamos o ecossistema costeiro como um dos seus principais representantes, uma vez que é alvo de interesses dos mais diversos atores sociais, que buscam usufruir/explorar/administrar seus recursos naturais. Com tantos olhares, decisões e práticas, que envolvem o ambiente costeiro a todo o instante, transmutando-o em um verdadeiro caleidoscópio de interesses conflitantes, tornam-se necessárias, cada vez mais, pesquisas que demonstrem claramente tais interesses. A lógica representada por interesses empresariais não necessariamente é a mesma representada pelos interesses do poder público, muito menos da comunidade local. Nossa pesquisa apresenta uma proposta metodológica que busca revelar a lógica existente na visão dos habitantes da zona costeira, a partir da percepção, interpretação e valoração destes em relação ao ambiente em que vivem. Com essa proposta, procuraremos demonstrar de forma mais explícita os diferentes valores que os próprios habitantes atribuem a diversas partes do ambiente costeiro, muitas vezes utilizado como principal fonte de sustento e sobrevivência. Como estudo de caso, elegemos a comunidade da Ilha de Paquetá, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), uma comunidade centrada nos valores de conservação de uma zona costeira rica de valores paisagísticos e simbólicos, porém historicamente impactada pelos interesses altamente exploratórios de grandes corporações e pelo descaso do poder público / Coastal management has been a broadly discussed topic, both in academic and public power domains, in a time when a strong stimulus for participative management policies within strategic locations for society as a whole is clearly verifiable. Among these strategic locations, the coastal environment is one of its main representatives, since it is a target for many social actors seeking to utilize/explore/manage its natural resources. Having so many people, decisions and practices related to the coastal environment at all times transforms it in a kaleidoscope of conflicting interests and that is why there is a increasing need for research that can demonstrate such interests. Commercial interests are not the same as the ones of public institutions and even less similar to the ones of local communities. This research presents a methodological approach that seeks to reveal the existing logic from the coastal zones inhabitants' perspective, based on their perception, interpretation and valuation of the environment in which they live in. This proposal will try to explicitly demonstrate the different values that the inhabitants give to several parts of the coastal environment, which is frequently utilized as their means of survival. As a case study, we chose the Paqueta Island community, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), which is a community that values preservation of a coastal zone enriched with scenic and symbolic features. It is however impacted by highly exploratory interests of big corporations and by the lack of interest from the public power

Submitted by Daniela Ferreira Ribeiro null (danifebeiro@gmail.com) on 2017-06-12T14:19:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 132240823 bytes, checksum: 795a421f499ffbc710453daf2ff67f0e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-13T16:43:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_df_me_rcla.pdf: 132240823 bytes, checksum: 795a421f499ffbc710453daf2ff67f0e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T16:43:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_df_me_rcla.pdf: 132240823 bytes, checksum: 795a421f499ffbc710453daf2ff67f0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa propõe um índice de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo para os parâmetros físicos adjacentes a um trecho da rodovia Washington Luís (SP 310) a fim de colaborar com o desenvolvimento de Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Óleo (Cartas SAO) para ambientes adjacentes a rodovias. As Cartas SAO constituem-se em ferramentas interessantes para o auxílio na tomada de decisões em caso de acidentes envolvendo derrames de óleo, visto que apresentam as áreas com maior e menor sensibilidade, colaborando assim nas operações de emergência e com a escolha dos procedimentos adequados de limpeza e remoção. O índice de sensibilidade ambiental para a rodovia (IST) baseou-se em metodologias propostas pela National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente e em trabalhos realizados em ambientes terrestres sujeitos a esse tipo de acidente. Os estudos envolvendo as Cartas SAO possuem ampla aplicação nos ambientes litorâneos e fluviais, mas ainda apresentam-se incipientes em ambientes terrestres, entretanto estes devem ser priorizados, pois são frequentes acidentes com derrames de óleo e derivados de petróleo, principalmente próximos a rodovias, visto que o modal rodoviário é um dos mais utilizados atualmente para o transporte desses produtos no Brasil. A metodologia aplicada baseou-se na técnica de compartimentação fisiográfica, pois o IST deve apresentar as características homogêneas de segmentos de interesse e ser representado de forma linear, seguindo as bases propostas pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). A compartimentação foi realizada por meio da interpretação de imagens orbitais da área de estudo, apoiada por mapas básicos e trabalhos de campo, a fim de determinar zonas homólogas e classifica-las quanto à sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo. Foram delimitados 17 compartimentos, que foram classificados quanto à declividade, textura e espessura do solo, profundidade do nível d’água e permeabilidade. Para cada variável foi determinado um grau parcial de sensibilidade ambiental classificado entre baixo, médio e alto. Foram atribuídos pesos, baseados na importância relativa das diferentes classes, que foram então combinadas de forma ponderada pela ferramenta Weighted Sum, do software ArcGIs, o que possibilitou uma análise integrada dos fatores envolvidos. Os valores finais de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo foram atribuídos com base no sistema de índices proposto pela NOAA, que utiliza índices de sensibilidade de 1 a 10, sendo este último o mais sensível. No geral, o trecho da rodovia estudado apresentou valores altos e intermediários de sensibilidade, não apresentando os índices de 1 a 4. As áreas mais sensíveis foram classificadas como índices 8 e 9. Esses valores relacionaram-se principalmente à alta ou média sensibilidade das variáveis declividade, espessura do solo e profundidade do nível d’água em grande parte da área de estudo. Conclui-se que a metodologia de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo para áreas terrestres, especificamente para o modal rodoviário, mostrou-se adequada ao determinar os ambientes com maior e menor sensibilidade, entretanto os parâmetros de análise devem ser ajustados de acordo com a realidade local dos ambientes. Além disso, o uso de ferramentas geotecnológicas mostrou-se eficaz, tornando essa metodologia acessível para estudos futuros. / The present study proposes an environmental sensitivity index to oil for the physical parameters adjacent to a section of the Washington Luís Highway (SP 310), in order to collaborate with the development of Environmental Sensitivity Map for Oil Spills for areas adjacent to highways. The Environmental Sensitivity Maps for Oil Spills are interesting tools to assist in decision-making in the occurrence of accidents involving oil spills, seeing that they present the areas with greater and lesser sensitivity, thus collaborating in the emergency operations, aiding the choice of the appropriate procedures of cleaning and removal. The Environmental Sensitivity Index for Highways (STI) based on the methodologies proposed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Ministry of the Environment and studies performed in terrestrial environments subject to this type of accident. The studies involving Environmental Sensitivity Maps have wide application in the coastal and fluvial environments, but are still incipient in terrestrial environments, however these should be prioritized, since accidents with oil spills and petroleum derivatives are frequent, especially near roads, seen that the road modal is one of the most used currently for the transportation of these products in Brazil. The applied methodology was based on the technique of physiographic subdivision, on this account the IST have to present the homogeneous characteristics of segments of interest and be represented in a linear way, based on the proposed by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA). The compartmentalization was performed through the interpretation of orbital images of the study area, supported by basic maps and field work, in order to determine homologous zones and classify them as to the environmental sensitivity to oil. Seventeen compartments were delimited, which were classified as slope, soil texture and thickness, water depth and permeability. For each variable a partial degree of environmental sensitivity classified as low, medium and high was determined. Weights were assigned based on the relative importance of the different classes, which were then combined in a weighted way by the “Weighted Sum” tool of the ArcGIs software, which made possible an integrated analysis of the factors involved. The final values of environmental sensitivity to oil were attributed based on the index system proposed by NOAA, which uses sensitivity indexes from 1 to 10, the latter being the most sensitive. In general, the section of the highway studied presented high values and intermediate sensitivity, and did not present indexes from 1 to 4. The most sensitive areas were classified as indexes 8 and 9. These values were mainly related to the high or medium sensitivity of the variables slope, soil thickness and depth of water level in much of the study area. It is concluded that the methodology of environmental sensitivity to oil for terrestrial areas, specifically for the road modal, was adequate when determining the environments with greater and lesser sensitivity, however the parameters of analysis should be adjusted according to the local reality of the environments. In addition, the use of geotechnical tools proved effective, making this methodology accessible for future studies.

Orientador: Solange Terezinha de Lima Guimarães / Banca: Susana Mara Miranda Pacheco / Banca: Gabriel Henrique da Silva / Banca: Afonso Rodrigues de Aquino / Banca: Bernadete Aparecida Caprioglio de Castro Oliveira / Resumo: O gerenciamento costeiro tem sido um tema largamente debatido tanto no âmbito acadêmico quanto na esfera do poder público, no momento em que é possível verificar um claro estímulo para políticas de gestão participativa de locais estratégicos para a sociedade em sua totalidade. Dentre os chamados locais estratégicos, destacamos o ecossistema costeiro como um dos seus principais representantes, uma vez que é alvo de interesses dos mais diversos atores sociais, que buscam usufruir/explorar/administrar seus recursos naturais. Com tantos olhares, decisões e práticas, que envolvem o ambiente costeiro a todo o instante, transmutando-o em um verdadeiro caleidoscópio de interesses conflitantes, tornam-se necessárias, cada vez mais, pesquisas que demonstrem claramente tais interesses. A lógica representada por interesses empresariais não necessariamente é a mesma representada pelos interesses do poder público, muito menos da comunidade local. Nossa pesquisa apresenta uma proposta metodológica que busca revelar a lógica existente na visão dos habitantes da zona costeira, a partir da percepção, interpretação e valoração destes em relação ao ambiente em que vivem. Com essa proposta, procuraremos demonstrar de forma mais explícita os diferentes valores que os próprios habitantes atribuem a diversas partes do ambiente costeiro, muitas vezes utilizado como principal fonte de sustento e sobrevivência. Como estudo de caso, elegemos a comunidade da Ilha de Paquetá, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), uma comunidade centrada nos valores de conservação de uma zona costeira rica de valores paisagísticos e simbólicos, porém historicamente impactada pelos interesses altamente exploratórios de grandes corporações e pelo descaso do poder público / Abstract: Coastal management has been a broadly discussed topic, both in academic and public power domains, in a time when a strong stimulus for participative management policies within strategic locations for society as a whole is clearly verifiable. Among these strategic locations, the coastal environment is one of its main representatives, since it is a target for many social actors seeking to utilize/explore/manage its natural resources. Having so many people, decisions and practices related to the coastal environment at all times transforms it in a kaleidoscope of conflicting interests and that is why there is a increasing need for research that can demonstrate such interests. Commercial interests are not the same as the ones of public institutions and even less similar to the ones of local communities. This research presents a methodological approach that seeks to reveal the existing logic from the coastal zones inhabitants' perspective, based on their perception, interpretation and valuation of the environment in which they live in. This proposal will try to explicitly demonstrate the different values that the inhabitants give to several parts of the coastal environment, which is frequently utilized as their means of survival. As a case study, we chose the Paqueta Island community, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), which is a community that values preservation of a coastal zone enriched with scenic and symbolic features. It is however impacted by highly exploratory interests of big corporations and by the lack of interest from the public power / Doutor

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is a noninvasive medical imaging testing techniquewhich is used to produce detailed images of internal structure of the human body, includingbones, muscles, organs, and blood vessels. MRI scanners use large magnets and radiowaves to create images of the body. Cardiac MRI scan helps doctors to detect and monitorcardiac diseases like blood clots, artery blockages, and scar tissue etc. Cardiovasculardisease is a type of disease that affects the heart or the blood vessels.This thesis aims to explore the reconstruction of accelerated cardiovascular MRI datato reconstruct under-sampled MRI data acquired after applying accelerated techniques.The focus of this research is to study and implement deep learning techniques to overcomethe aliasing artifacts caused by accelerated imaging. The results of this study will becompared with fully sampled data acquired with traditional existing techniques such asParallel Imaging (PI) and Compressed Sensing (CS).The primary findings of this study show that the proposed deep learning network caneffectively reconstruct under-sampled cardiovascular MRI data acquired using acceleratedimaging techniques. Many experiments were performed to handle 4D Flow data with limitedmemory for training the network. The network’s performance was found to be comparableto the fully sampled data acquired using traditional imaging techniques such asPI and CS. It is also important to note that this study also aimed to investigate the generalizabilityof the proposed deep learning network, specifically FlowVN, when appliedto different datasets. To explore this aspect, two different models were employed: a pretrainedmodel using previous research data and configurations, and a model trained fromscratch using CMIV data with experiments performed to address limited memory issuesassociated with 4D Flow data.