Playing with toys as a means of environmental engagement has long been considered important in early child development (Messer, Rachford, McCarthy, & Yarrow, 1987; Wolery & Werts, 1994). However, children with highly significant disabilities often engage in toy play less frequently than their peers without disabilities (Blasco, Bailey, & Burchinal, 1993; Langley, 1985) and frequently need specialized support to promote toy play (Ivory & McCollum, 1999; Langley, 1985). Preference assessment technology was used to identify preferred sensory attributes. Those sensory attributes were embedded into a toy previously identified as nonpreferred based on selection and amount of toy play. Differences were noted in caregiver opinion of sensory preference when compared to a sensory attribute preference assessment. The initial paired-item presentation consisted of a rotation of 4 toys from the natural environment using a child-directed approach, which consisted of choice, prompting, and praise for completion of functional toy play. An additional condition added the child's preferred sensory attribute to a nonpreferred toy using the above-mentioned procedures. Results indicated that the addition of a preferred sensory attribute increased selection of that toy with 2 of 3 children, and resulted in increased independent functional toy play for all 3 children.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2144694 bytes, checksum: df4e2dc1279106614c094de1057e5218 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The dark chocolate has shown increased consumption due to their nutritional and functional characteristics, caused by the presence of bioactive substances, health benefits, mainly for its antioxidant capacity, which reduces the incidence of chronic degenerative diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease. The benefits of chocolate come from cocoa butter, the main raw material of chocolate, rich in saturated fatty acids and high concentration of cocoa solids, which contains high levels of flavonoids, minerals, methylxanthines and bioactive amines. However, even with all these functionalities, the chocolate industry in an attempt to reduce production costs, have replaced all or part of the chocolate ingredients, such as cocoa butter, to an increase in other types of fat , that can promote a distortion of sensory properties, as well as to reduce its nutritional value and functional. Given this reality, scientific research has been conducted to analyze the thermo-oxidative behavior of dark chocolates which together with other techniques, provide a complete analysis of the chemical composition, quality of the sample and the identification of variables affecting the properties of chocolate. To compare and characterize commercial chocolates tests were made physical chemistry, thermal and sensory tests with the samples of dark chocolates which contain 70% cocoa solids, evaluating their nutritional value, its thermo-oxidative stability and functional characteristics. After analysis it was found that the mark A was selected as the healthier product for your lipid profile, high content of minerals, and phenolic antioxidant activity satisfactorily. Mark B stood for the high total phenolic content and good antioxidant activity. Its chemical composition and minerals was similar to that of brand A, with the exception of lipid content, which had mostly saturated fatty acids. Brand C had the highest levels of carbohydrate and palmitic acid, lower mineral content compared to other brands of chocolate and the low concentration of total phenolics and antiradical activity. All dark chocolates analyzed showed acceptance more than 70% in all attributes, indicating homogeneity of the formulations of products from different manufacturers, with no significant difference regarding the preference of brands of chocolate. / O chocolate amargo tem apresentado crescente consumo devido a sua composição nutricional e às suas características funcionais, ocasionados pela presença de substâncias bioativas, benéficas à saúde, principalmente por sua capacidade antioxidante, que reduzem a incidência de patologias crônico- degenerativas, em especial as doenças cardiovasculares. Os benefícios do chocolate amargo são provenientes da manteiga de cacau, principal matéria prima do chocolate, rica em ácidos graxos saturados e da alta concentração de sólidos de cacau, que contém altos teores de flavonóides, minerais, metilxantinas e aminas bioativas. No entanto, mesmo apresentando todas essas características funcionais, a indústria do chocolate, na tentativa de reduzir os custos de produção, têm substituído total ou parcialmente ingredientes do chocolate, como por exemplo, a manteiga de cacau, para o acréscimo de outros tipos de gordura, que podem promover a descaracterização das propriedades sensoriais, bem como, a redução do seu valor nutricional e funcional. Diante dessa realidade, pesquisas científicas têm sido realizadas para analisar o comportamento termo-oxidativo dos chocolates amargos, que conjuntamente com outras técnicas, possibilitam a análise completa da composição química, da qualidade da amostra e a identificação das variáveis que afetam as propriedades do chocolate. Para comparar e caracterizar chocolates comerciais foram realizados testes físico-químicos, térmicos e sensoriais com as amostras de chocolates amargos, com 70% de sólidos de cacau, avaliando seu valor nutricional, sua estabilidade termo-oxidativa e características funcionais. Após análises foi constatado que a marca comercial A se destacou como o produto mais saudável, por seu perfil lipídico, alto teor de minerais, fenólicos e atividade antioxidante satisfatória. A marca B se destacou pelo alto teor de fenólicos totais e boa atividade antioxidante. Sua composição química e de minerais foi semelhante ao da marca A, com exceção do teor de lipídios, que possuía em sua maioria, ácidos graxos saturados. A marca C teve o maior índice de carboidratos e de ácido palmítico, menor teor de minerais em relação às outras marcas de chocolate amargo, além da baixa concentração de fenólicos totais e atividade anti-radicalar. Todos os chocolates amargos analisados apresentaram aceitação superior a 70% em todos os atributos analisados, demonstrando uma homogeneidade das formulações dos produtos dos diferentes fabricantes, não havendo diferença significativa quanto à preferência das diferentes marcas comerciais de chocolate.