C. cinereus, any two of which are sufficient to promote B-regulated development following cell fusion. The isolation of the B42 locus is described along with the DNA sequence analysis that identified nine B mating type genes within a 27kb B42 -specific DNA sequence. Six of the genes, with small transcripts of 800-900nt, encode the mating pheromone precursors and the other three, with 1.9 to 2-5kb transcripts, encode the transmembrane pheromone receptors. The genes are arranged in three groups, designated group 1, 2 and 3, each consisting of one receptor gene and two pheromone genes. B42 and B6 share the same alleles of the group 1 genes, but not those of groups 2 and 3. This was demonstrated by DNAsequence analysis and Southern blot analysis. None of the group 1 genes from B42 were able to activate B -regulated development in a B6 host when introduced by transformation but with one exception, all genes from group 2 and group 3 were able to do so. This analysis led to the recognition that the three genes in any one group are held together in an allele-specific DNA sequence and that Southern blot analysis and transformation can be used to identify shared alleles in uncloned loci. Extensive Southern analyses using cloned genes to probe genomic DNAs from strains having other B mating specificites showed that different B loci may share identical alleles of two groups of genes. Mating partners thus require different alleles of only one group of genes to generate a compatible B mating interaction. Transformation analyses with the same cloned genes confirmed the conclusions derived from the hybridisation data. Multiple B mating specificities thus appear to be derived from three groups of multiallelic and functionally redundant genes. A tenth gene located within the B42- specific DNA sequence encodes a putative transporter protein belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). In other genomic backgrounds this gene lies in homologous flanking sequences and its presence within the B42 locus is unlikely to be related to mating type function.

Med bakgrund i det ökade antalet barn som upplever skilsmässa och separation, undersöker denna studie påverkan på psykisk hälsa i vuxen ålder. Syftet är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan skilsmässa och separation under uppväxten och individens psykiska ohälsa i vuxen ålder, samt om ett eventuellt samband kan förklaras av konflikt mellan föräldrarna i uppväxtfamiljen. De teorier som uppsatsen använder för att förklara relationen mellan separation i uppväxtfamiljen och psykisk ohälsa i vuxen ålder tar sin utgångspunkt i ekonomiska svårigheter, psykologisk stress, familjestruktur samt konflikt mellan föräldrar. Studien bygger på kvantitativa data från Levnadsnivåundersökningen (LNU) 2010. Genom logistisk regressionsanalys undersöks om ett samband finns mellan separation och psykisk ohälsa i vuxen ålder. Resultatet visar ett samband mellan att ha upplevt separation och psykisk ohälsa i vuxen ålder. Dock är inte separation i sig avgörande, utan förekomsten av konflikt samt ekonomiska svårigheter under uppväxttiden visar sig vara de mest betydande faktorerna. Studien bidrar därmed till en förståelse för vad i uppväxtfamiljen som har betydelse för vuxnas psykiska ohälsa samt till en uppdaterad bild av hur individer som upplevt separation påverkas av detta. Diskussionen föreslår att samhällsförändringar över tid gällande normer kring separation och familj samt förekomsten av växelvis boende kan tänkas ha en bidragande orsak till att inte separationen i sig har en betydande roll för individens psykiska ohälsa.

Centrifugation of coconut milk resulted in cream, skim milk, and insoluble solids. Proteins were isolated from skim milk by the addition of acid, with or without heating. The separation and isolation gave the following coconut protein preparations: coconut milk, coconut skim milk, insoluble solids, acid precipitate, and acid-heat precipitate. / Trypsin inhibitory activity (TIA) of the coconut protein preparations was relatively low while tryptic digestibility of the isolated proteins was considerably lower than those of the coconut milk and skim milk, the digestibility of coconut protein preparations was lower than that of casein. In general, the emulsifying and farming properties of coconut protein preparations were lower than casein. The insoluble solids showed the highest viscosity when compared with the coconut protein preparations. In contrast to the whey protein concentrate (WPC), the apparent strain of gels from the acid precipitate increased as the pH increased. The gelation properties at pH 3 of the insoluble solids were better than WPC. / The estimated molecular weight by size-exclusion chromatography of coconut protein preparations gave 3 fractions with MW ranging from 6850 Da to 229402 Da. In native PAGE, coconut proteins were separated into at least 3 subunits and under SDS-denatured conditions, the major protein subunits showed MW of 54531 Da and 25008 Da, respectively. RP-HPLC separation of coconut milk, acid precipitate, and acid-heat precipitate gave 3 fractions containing several species of MW ranging between 35574 Da to 51209 Da when analyzed by mass spectometry.

Aspergillus niger and Penicillium candidum were grown and harvested on days 6 and 8, which corresponded to their maximal biomasses and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities. The extracts were enriched with ammonium sulfate precipitation at 30 to 70% and 20 to 60% of saturation, respectively. The LOX activity was assayed with linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids as substrates. Both enriched microbial LOXs demonstrated preferential substrate specificities towards free fatty acids, over acyl esters of linoleic acid. The LOXs had the highest catalytic efficiency values (ratio of V max to Km) for linolenic acid biocatalysis. Major and minor pH optima at 5.0 and 10.5 were observed for A. niger, whereas for P. candidum they were at 6.0 and 8.5. Normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) characterization of end products revealed that both LOXs produced the 10-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid (10-HPOD) at 15 to 16% of total isomers detected, respectively. Chiral studies of the P. candidum LOX catalyzed hydroperoxides revealed an excess in the production of (S) stereo-isomers resultant from linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids bioconversion. Penicillium camemberti was grown and harvested at its maximal biomass and LOX activity. The microbial extract was ultrafiltered (30 kDa NMWCO) and KCI (7.5 ppm) was added prior to lyophilization for the stabilization of enzyme activity. The LOX and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) activities were assayed using linoleic acid and the 10-HPOD as substrates, respectively. The post-lyophilization residual activities were 93% and 223% for LOX and HPL, respectively. The long-term storage stability (-80°C) of the extract (KCI 7.5 ppm) was ~100% after 8 and 4 weeks for LOX and HPL, respectively. The investigated stabilizing chemical additives included glycine, mannitol, glycerol, sucrose and polyethylene glycol. The lowest Kinactivation values were observed with glycine with 0.136 and 0.0296 for LOX and HPL, respectively. Thermostability studies indicated that 5 and 10% (w/v) mannitol and glycine effectively stabilized LOX and HPL, respectively. Immobilization of an enzymatic extract from P. camemberti containing LOX and HPL activities was performed on EupergitRTMC and EupergitRTMC250L-iminodiacetate (IDA), respectively. The free and immobilized extracts both possessed LOX activity with a pH optimum of 6.0, whereas pH 6.0 and 4.0 were the optima of the HPL activity for free and immobilized extract, respectively. Optimal LOX reaction temperatures were 30 and 55°C for the free and immobilized extract, respectively, whereas 45 and 30°C were determined for the HPL activity of the free and immobilized extract, respectively. Long-term stability (-80°C) of the immobilized extract containing LOX and HPL activity showed residual activities of 82.6 and 93.8% after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively.

A comprehensive model of particle collection in flotation is developed from a rigorous analysis of the relative motion between a particle and a bubble prior to and during particle-bubble contact. Collection efficiency E(,K) is derived as a product of collision efficiency E(,C) and attachment efficiency E(,A). From trajectory calculations E(,C) is correlated to the bubble Reynolds number and the Stokes number, a dimensionless inertia term. E(,A) is calculated as the fraction of particles which reside on the bubble for a time greater than the induction time. As a result of the velocity gradient are the bubble surface E(,A) decreases with increasing particle size. The model explains the peak in size-by-size recovery data that is often observed at intermediate particle sizes. The peak location is shown to shift to smaller sizes as induction time increases. / A scale-up model for flotation columns is also developed. The model uses measured values of collection rate constants and an experimental correlation of plant column mixing parameters to calculate collection zone recovery R(,K). R(,K) is interfaced with a variable cleaning zone recovery to yield a grade-recovery relationship for the plant column. The onset of bubble loading is accounted for.

A variety of iron precipitates formed in the electrolytic zinc industry were studied to estimate the possibility of magnetic filtration to augment conventional thickening/filtering systems. The precipitates included K,NH(,4),Na jarosites, (alpha) and (beta) goethite, (alpha) hematite and an industrially produced NH(,4) jarosite. The wet Frantz Isodynamic Separator was used to generate magnetic susceptibility data. Susceptibilities ranged from (kappa) = 6.9 x 10('-5) (--->) 15.5 x 10('-5) emu/cm('3)0e. Particle size of the precipitates ranged from 25 (mu)m to < 1 (mu)m. Magnetic filtration breakthrough curves were produced using a high gradient magnetic filtration technique. The role of fluid viscosity and velocity as well as magnetic field was studied. / All the precipitates proved filterable. A comparison was made of a physical and an empirical model of the breakthrough curves in the sizing of the magnetic filters required to treat thickener overflow at the CEZ Valleyfield plant. / For a volumetric flow of 100m('3)/hr electrolyte, containing 15g/L NH(,4) jarosite, 2 magnets of 2.6m diameter and 0.35m bed depth are required to lower solids contents to the present operating level of 3g/L.

Two nanofiltration membranes, a thin film composite (TFC) membrane, a cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane, were tested as pretreatment alternatives to extend the effective life of GAC at Mililani Wells I, Oahu, Hawaii. TFC membranes achieved excellent 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) removal percentages whereas CTA membranes performed very poorly. TFC membranes showed promising signs of reducing total organic carbong (TOC) from the nanofiltration unit influent. In Mililani waters, only TCP is present in large amounts. It is suggested that further studies should be conducted where there is a chance of observing membrane's performance against high quantities of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB), and DBCP. Due to the lack of trained personnel, not many TOC analyses were conducted. It is proven that nanofiltration is a viable treatment alternative and a pilot scale study should be conducted in the future taking economics also into consideration. / Thesis (M. S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-48). / UHM: Has both book and microform. / Water Resources Research Center

The Kingston group's engagement in an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG) program and a collaborative research project established between Virginia Tech and the Institute for Hepatitis and Virus Research (IHVR) has focused on the search for bioactive natural products from tropical forests in both Madagascar and South Africa. As a part of this research, a total of four antiproliferative extracts were studied, leading to the isolation of fourteen novel compounds with antiproliferative activity against the A2780 human ovarian cancer line. One extract with antimalarial activity was studied, which led to the isolation of two new natural products with antiplasmodial activity against a drug-resistant Dd2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The plants and their secondary metabolites are discussed in the following order: two new antiproliferative acetogenins from a Uvaria sp. (Annonaceae); two new antiproliferative calamenene-type sesquiterpenoids from Sterculia tavia (Malvaceae); two new antiproliferative triterpene saponins from Nematostylis anthophylla (Rubiaceae); six new antiproliferative homoisoflavonoids and two new bufatrienolides from Urginea depressa (Asparagaceae); and two new antiplasmodial anthraquinones from Kniphofia ensifolia (Asphodelaceae). The structures of all these compounds were determined by analysis of their mass spectrometric, 1D and 2D NMR, UV and IR spectroscopic and optical rotation data. Other than structural elucidation, this work also involved bioactivity evaluations of all the isolates, as well as total synthesis of the two antiproliferative sesquiterpenoids, and a structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on the antiplasmodial anthroquinones. / Ph. D.

One of the problems in the flotation of copper sulphide ores in moderately alkaline pH conditions is the misreporting of iron sulphide minerals into copper concentrates, which results in low copper grades. The relatively strong flotation of iron sulphides is caused by their copper activation from copper species dissolved from copper minerals present in the ore. In this study, several methods were used to reduce copper activation of pyrite during grinding or to minimise its effect on the flotation of pyrite at pH 9.0. Various surface analytical techniques were used to identify the mechanism of these methods and to optimise their performance. / First, it was confirmed that strong pyrite floatation at pH 9.0 in the presence of xanthate was caused by copper activation during grinding with copper sulphate or in the presence of chalcopyrite in single or mixed mineral flotation experiments, respectively. It was found that pyrite flotation is Eh dependent with low flotation for pulp oxidation potential, Eh, values lower than 7 mV (SHE), strong flotation between 7 and 50 mV, and flotation decreasing above 50 mV. The sharp increase in pyrite flotation around neutral Eh values was associated with high copper and xanthate adsorption while the decreased flotation at higher Eh values was caused by the formation of ferric hydroxide at the pyrite surface which in turn reduced copper adsorption but also reduced hydrophobicity. From the measurement by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the type and proportion of surface species, it was possible to calculated a hydrophobicity index at each step in the grinding discharge, during conditioning, in each flotation concentrate and finally in the tailing. A satisfactory agreement was obtained between this XPS hydophobicity index and the flotation recovery in each concentrate. / It was found that pyrite could be separated from chalcopyrite at pH 9.0 by controlling the pulp Eh value with maximum mineral separation and chalcopyrite flotation occurring at an Eh of 275 mV. This mineral separation could be further increased with the addition of zinc sulphate which selectively adsorbs or precipitates on the pyrite surface as zinc hydroxide via electrostatic interaction. The selectivity of this adsorption, and therefore larger pyrite depression, is the result of the larger amount of ferric hydroxide formed on the pyrite surface because of the more cathodic nature of this mineral. Thioglycolic acid (TGA) was also found to selectively depress pyrite flotation when added during grinding but, if added during conditioning, its effect on pyrite depression was only observed in the presence of citric acid (CA). This depression was related to the removal of copper hydroxide from the pyrite surface as both TGA and CA are strong complexants of cupric hydroxide (but also ferric hydroxide); as a result, fewer sites are available for xanthate adsorption. Citric acid is a weaker complexant than TGA, especially in the presence of xanthate; its role is to mop up the surface ferric hydroxide so that TGA is free to react with copper hydroxide. More importantly, in less oxidising conditions and with no Eh control, addition of zinc sulphate or TGA increased chalcopyrite flotation but had no effect on pyrite flotation. Pyrite flotation could also be reduced with addition of xanthate during grinding. In this case, the selective depression of pyrite flotation was attributed to the immobilisation of copper by xanthate at the chalcopyrite surface or its removal from solution, both mechanisms resulting in a reduced copper activation of pyrite. Pyrite depression and chalcopyrite flotation, and therefore mineral separation, were optimised with collector addition in both the grinding and conditioning stages. / Finally, the efficacy of these methods has been substantiated by comparing their effects on iron sulphide depression in two copper sulphide ores and with more common methods of iron sulphide depression. / Thesis (PhDAppliedScience)--University of South Australia, 2006

Two leaves of amendments in pocket on front end paper. / Bibliography: leaves 177-185. / xix, 194 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Describes selective and nonselective procedures to extract recombinant protein from the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1997