The language of the Serbians and the Croatians is, with the exception of some differences of phonetic and lexical nature, one and the same; thus it is customary to speak of it as the Serbo-Croatian language. Speakers of Orthodox heritage use the Cyrillic alphabet, Croatians use the Latin alphabet. It is, however, only in very early times, and now, that there have been any general centripetal tendencies, to outweigh the centrifugal forces that have guided writers in different directions as far as the linguistic unity of the two cultural groups is concerned. The purpose of this study is to present the linguistic divergencies which followed after the Slavonic peoples first came into the Balkan peninsula and, in comparatively recent times, the common efforts to re-unite linguistically the divergent elements within the Serbo-Croatian group. A survey of the contents of the chapters of this thesis aims at showing how the author worked. Chapter I examines historical developments of the Serbian and the Croatian languages, as separate entities, from the time of Cyril and Methodius, up to the eighteenth century. I take into account various political and cultural factors which were responsible for important differences in the linguistic and literary development of the two peoples. Special emphasis Is placed on the life and works of the Lomonosov of the Yugoslav Renaissance, Dositej Obradović, the man who long strove to introduce the vernacular into literature and to put an end to unnatural, artificial languages hitherto used. Chapter II deals with 0bradović's disciples, Sava Mrkalj and Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Also examined, to some extent, is the work of Ljudevit Gaj who did the same in standarizing his language arid in adopting it for modern literature. The linguistic contributions of Karadžić, however, are dealt with in more detail. In spite of dogged opposition, he strove for, and achieved, the introduction of a simplified and rationalized alphabet, a reformed system of orthography and recognition of the national vernacular as the literary language, rejecting the confusion of Church Slavonic, Russian and Serbian used by writers before. Pew languages in the world have such a simple, phonemic orthography as Serbian has. Inspired by Vuk's work and fostered by nationalistic ideas, Gaj also decided that the language of the traditional ballads should also become the literary language of his people. Early in the nineteenth century both branches of the nation realized the advantage of using one language. Thus in the middle of the nineteenth century it was agreed that they should unite their literatures by the use of one, namely, "štokavian" form. This was sanctioned by the 1850 Agreement. Latin and Cyrillic were to be used for the same literary language and were granted equal status. One can fairly say that Vuk was an early leader in what is now an accepted theory in linguistic science, namely that a graphic symbol should consistently, as far as possible, record in print the phonemes of a language. Evidence for this is innovation in the Cyrillic alphabet used by the Serbians. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

This thesis examines the role of transfer of first (L1) language properties and access to knowledge of Universal Grammar in second language (L2) acquisition. Two empirical components are included: a study of the syntax of anaphora in Serbo-Croatian and an experimental study of second language acquisition of reflexive binding. Data from field work on the coreference properties of anaphors in Serbo-Croatian are discussed in terms of standard, parameterized, LF movement, and Relativized SUBJECT approaches to Binding Theory. Recent versions of the theory identify a categorial distinction between morphologically simple ($ rm X sp circ$) and complex (XP) anaphor types as a crucial factor in determining coreference relations between reflexive pronouns and their syntactic antecedents. / The predictions of a morphological approach to the Binding Theory were tested in a study of the acquisition of the binding properties of English XP reflexives by native speakers of Serbo-Croatian, a language with $ rm X sp circ$ reflexives. Acquisition of the English binding pattern by this group of L2 learners requires recognition of the morphological complexity of English reflexives. Prior to reanalysis, learners are predicted to produce an incorrect L1 coreference pattern in the L2 environment. / Two sentence comprehension tasks were administered to adolescent and adult Serbo-Croatian speaking L2 learners of English and similar groups of English native speaker controls. Picture identification and multiple choice comprehension tasks produced convergent results with significant differences between control (n = 47) and L2 learner (n = 73) interpretations of reflexives in complex noun phrases and object control infinitival sentences. Their pattern of interpretation shows evidence of transfer of the $ rm X sp circ$ anaphor type found in Serbo-Croatian to the target grammar and suggests L2 learners are able to apply a deductive system constrained by Universal Grammar to compute binding domains in second language acquisition.

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I investigate the phonology of prosodic clitics--independent syntactic words not parsed as independent prosodic words--in Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian. I ask, first, how clitics are organized into prosodic structures, and second, how this is determined by the grammar. Following Zec (1997, 2005), I look at several clitic categories, including negation, prepositions, complementizers, conjunctions, and second-position clitics. Based on a reanalysis of word accent (Browne and McCawley 1965, Inkelas and Zec 1988, Zec 1999), I argue that in some cases where a preposition, complementizer, or conjunction fails to realize accent determined by a following word, it is not a proclitic-- that is, prosodified with the following word--but rather a free clitic parsed directly by a phonological phrase. Conversely, the second-position clitics are not always enclitic--that is, prosodified with a preceding word--but are sometimes free. Their second-position word order results not from enclisis, but from the avoidance of free clitics at phrase edges, where they would interfere with the alignment of phonological phrases to prosodic words. Regarding the determination of clisis by the grammar, I argue for an interface constraint approach (Selkirk 1995, Truckenbrodt 1995), whereby prosodic structures are built according to general constraints on their well-formedness, and on their interface to syntactic structures. I contrast this with the subcategorization approach , which sees clisis as specified for each clitic (Klavans 1982, Radanovic-Kocic 1988, Zec and Inkelas 1990). The comparison across clitic categories provides key support for the interface constraint approach, showing that their prosody depends on their syntactic configurations and phonological shapes, rather than on arbitrary subcategorizations. Prosodic differences across categories are a derivative effect of their configuration in the clause, and of the division of the clause into phonological phrases. The relevance of phonological phrases consists in how their edges discourage some kinds of clisis, blocking, for example, proclisis of complementizers and conjunctions to their complements. Free clisis is disfavored at phrase edges, producing the second-position effect. Thus, the interface constraint approach leads to a unified account of word, phrase, and clitic prosody.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-128). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

This study examines both the social and musical characteristics of klapa singing. Comparative analysis of the klapa in Dalmatia, its place of origin, and the klapa in Vancouver is the focus. The field work for this project took place on two occasions: during the regular practices of klapa "Zvonimir", and in a series of individual interviews. The interviews were with the oldest member and one of the organisers of the klapa "Zvonimir", Jozo Cvitanovic. A traditional folk klapa was, and to an extent still is, an informal group of friends, usually brought together by similar interests, age group or occupations. Festival klapa, on the other hand, is a formally organized group with regular rehearsals and performances, whose members, as a rule, are people of various occupations and diverse musical tastes. Socially and musically, klapa singing has always been progressive for its time, which is surely the reason why this folk tradition has remained successful for such a long period.

This study examines both the social and musical characteristics of klapa singing. Comparative analysis of the klapa in Dalmatia, its place of origin, and the klapa in Vancouver is the focus. The field work for this project took place on two occasions: during the regular practices of klapa "Zvonimir", and in a series of individual interviews. The interviews were with the oldest member and one of the organisers of the klapa "Zvonimir", Jozo Cvitanovic. A traditional folk klapa was, and to an extent still is, an informal group of friends, usually brought together by similar interests, age group or occupations. Festival klapa, on the other hand, is a formally organized group with regular rehearsals and performances, whose members, as a rule, are people of various occupations and diverse musical tastes. Socially and musically, klapa singing has always been progressive for its time, which is surely the reason why this folk tradition has remained successful for such a long period. / Arts, Faculty of / Music, School of / Graduate

This master's thesis examines the possibilities of correction and change in a classification scheme, with regard to the changes that occur in the world the classification system intends to describe. Applying a comparative method and classification theory, the classification of the example of the former Yugoslavia (1918-1941, 1945-1991), its republics and successor states, and the languages, formerly known as Serbo-Croatian are examined through a comparison of the main classes and divisions of language, geography, and history, in Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), and Klassifikationssystem för svenska bibliotek [Classification for Swedish Libraries] (SAB). Eight editions of DDC, from 1876 to 2014, are compared to seven editions of SAB, from 1921 to 2013. The editions have been selected in order to show the changes prior to, and following, the First World War, changes after the Second World War, and changes following the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991. The examination shows that both systems have updated their editions according to the changes in former Yugoslavia over the years. DDC has well constructed facet schedules, especially Table 2 concerning geography, but fails, in some cases, to construct a logic and hierarchical structure for the republics and languages of Yugoslavia, partly due to the fixed classes and divisions that survive from the very first edition of DDC from 1876, but also as a result of the decimal notation, and its limitations, itself. SAB seeks to construct a hierarchically logic and equal scheme for the languages, areas, and states of the former Yugoslavia. Although the facets for geography and chronology aren't as developed as the ones in DDC, the overall result is that of a logically consistent and hierarchically clear classification, with short notation codes, thanks to the alphabetic mixed notation, which allows more subdivisions than the numerals and the pure notation of DDC. This study is a two years master's thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

Cette thèse, en se fondant sur des exemples de la littérature et de la presse de la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle jusqu’à nos jours mais également sur la langue orale (standard et dialectale), porte sur l’étude des numéraux (ou noms de nombre) du serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe). Ces derniers forment en effet un groupe plutôt vaste et obéissent à des règles multiples, d’une rigueur souvent instable. De plus, les meilleures grammaires ne donnent que des indications restreintes, isolées, voire bien souvent en contradiction avec l’usage. De nombreuses questions restent alors sans réponse et ce travail tente par conséquent de rassembler les données qui permettent une identification ainsi qu’une caractérisation grammaticale et sémantique plus aisées desdits numéraux. Dans la première partie nous décrivons les différents types de noms de nombres et leurs caractéristiques grammaticales, ce qui nous amène entre autres à étudier l’épineux problème de la déclinaison des numéraux et à déduire les deux constructions numériques fondamentales du serbo-croate : la construction partitive et la construction concordante. La seconde partie présente d’abord l’analyse de la distribution réciproque entre les numéraux et les noms comptables, domaine où la norme est très floue et dans lequel la langue poursuit ses efforts pour introduire un peu de régularité et traite ensuite des accords des numéraux avec les autres éléments de la phrase quantifiante en abordant plus spécifiquement le problème des accords dits « doubles » (accord grammatical et/ou sémantique du prédicat verbal et des déterminants). / This thesis, based on examples of literature and press from the second half of the nineteenth century to the present but also on oral language (standard and dialectal), focuses on the study of the numerals (or names of numbers) in Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian). The latter indeed form a rather vast group and obey multiple rules of an often unstable precision. Furthermore, the best grammars give only restricted and isolated information, very often in contradiction with the usage. Thus, numerous questions remain unanswered and this work tries consequently to gather the data which will allow both an easier identification and grammatical and semantic characterization of the aforementioned numerals. The first part thus describes the various types of names of numbers as well as their grammatical characteristics, which brings us, among other things, to study the thorny problem of the declension of the numerals and to deduct the two fundamental numeric constructions in Serbo – Croatian : the partitive construction and the congruent construction. The second part is at first dedicated to the analysis of the mutual distribution between the numerals and the countable nouns, a field where the norm is very vague and in which the language pursues its efforts to introduce a little bit of regularity, and then presents the agreements of the numerals with the other elements of the quantifying sentence by more specifically describing the problem of the so-called « double » agreements (grammatical and\or semantic agreement of the predicate and the determiners).

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