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The research in this thesis is the first of its kind to describe in a significant level of detail the actual police interviewing of serious crime suspects, with a specific focus on who is being interviewed. The principal information source was 407 real-life audio-tape recordings of interviews with 56 different suspects. Suspects were interviewed for offences that included murder (and attempted murder), sexual assault and serious assault. Tape recordings were obtained from 11 Police Services across England and Wales and were analysed using a specially designed coding frame that captured a range of interviewer and suspect behaviour. The research described how suspects respond during police interviews and examined the interactions between suspect response, interviewer behaviour and case characteristics. Finally, the research assessed the presence and contribution of legal advisors, Appropriate Adults and interpreters. Based on this novel research, the thesis brings out some key findings, highlights where the work is limited and where further exploration is needed, and suggests where interviewing practice might be strengthened. This research is intended to be of interest and practical value to both the research community and the police service.

Sparčiai besivystant informacinėms technologijoms, atsiradus naujoms elektroninių ryšių paslaugoms, padidėjo saugomų asmens duomenų apimtis. Šie duomenys tapo informatyvesni ir naudingesni tiriant nusikalstamas veikas. Elektroninių ryšių srityje generuojamiems duomenims pastaruoju metu ypač didelį dėmesį teikia teisėsaugos institucijos. Šių duomenų svarba pabrėžtinai akcentuojama, siekiant užkirsti kelią sunkiems nusikaltimams, ko pagrindu Europos Sąjungos mastu buvo priimta Direktyva 2006/24/EB dėl duomenų, generuojamų arba tvarkomų viešai prieinamas elektroninių ryšių paslaugas arba viešuosius ryšių tinklus, saugojimo ir iš dalies keičianti Direktyvą 2002/58/EB (toliau – Direktyva 2006/24/EB). Šis dokumentas turi būti įgyvendintas derinant nuostatas su nacionaliniais teisės aktais. Direktyvos 2006/24/EB įgyvendinimo klausimais dar tik pradedama diskutuoti. Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktų, numatančių asmens duomenų elektroniniuose ryšiuose kaupimo ir teikimo teisėsaugos institucijoms, veikimo mechanizmas išsamiau nėra analizuotas. Tinkamo teisės aktų įgyvendinimo ir laikymosi kontrolei dėmesio taip pat skirta nedaug. Užtikrinant asmens teisę į privatumą, įstatymų numatytais atvejais ją ribojant, būtina įvertinti teisės aktų veikimo, jų laikymosi priežiūros tinkamumą bei su tuo susijusius probleminius aspektus. / Due to the rapid development of media technology and the emergence of new digital communication services the volume of classified personal data has increased. Law enforcement institutions are giving considerable attention to such data during offence investigation. Directive 2006/24/EC has been adopted, according to which traffic and location data on both legal entities and natural persons and related data necessary to identify the subscriber or registered user will be available to law enforcement authorities during serious crime investigation. This document has to be implemented in correlation with the regulations of the Lithuanian law; therefore it is important to analyze the compatibility of the Lithuanian law with the Directive 2006/24/EC. The aim of this paper is to determine whether full scale personal data collection and disclosing as serious crime prevention complies with the right to personal privacy in the context of Directive 2006/24/EC. Consequently this master thesis paper seeks to discuss the notion of the right to privacy, its scope, and to ascertain the legal regulation of data generated during digital communication; to analyze the basis for obtaining data during pre-trial investigation and operational activities; to access the data security and proceedings’ supervision appropriateness of undertakings, and to find out what kind of responsibility is applicable to them; to determine the suitability of supervision execution of law enforcement authorities during... [to full text]

Criminal career research postulates that offending behaviour develops over time during the course of one’s life. Thus, delinquency is not an isolated incident which occurs at a certain moment in time. This research comprises a mixed-method study of the criminal career of 40 offenders who perpetrated robberies against the banking and CIT industries. Through this research, an exploration is made for possibilities of using criminal career research to develop results which will guide crime prevention policies. The qualitative methodology used for this research included semi-structured interviews in order to collect information on motivations of armed robbers and the various mechanics (i.e. planning, recruitment, group dynamics) of the crime of armed robbery. Through the use of structured questionnaires, biographical data, information on risk factors and figures on the different aspects of a criminal career, such as age of offending onset, offending frequency and seriousness, and career length, were all gathered. The general findings of this research demonstrate that offending onset occurs between the ages of 11 and 15 with petty crimes, and then escalates to serious crimes. Secondly, witnessed throughout the dissertation is the fact that development of delinquent behaviour is not a result of a single risk factor but an outcome of multiple risk factors. Subsequently, a suggestion is made for the introduction of multifaceted deterrence programmes, which will holistically deal with the various offending risk factors (i.e. family, community and the offender’s personal risk factors as well as peer and school dynamics). Thirdly, armed robbers are responsible for various other crimes in the process of committing the offence of robbery. Accordingly, this study confirms the criminal career notion that a small number of chronic offenders are responsible for a large number of offences. That is why it is recommended that policy makers pay attention to disrupting the criminal career of this small number of high risk offenders. / Department of Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)

Criminal career research postulates that offending behaviour develops over time during the course of one’s life. Thus, delinquency is not an isolated incident which occurs at a certain moment in time. This research comprises a mixed-method study of the criminal career of 40 offenders who perpetrated robberies against the banking and CIT industries. Through this research, an exploration is made for possibilities of using criminal career research to develop results which will guide crime prevention policies. The qualitative methodology used for this research included semi-structured interviews in order to collect information on motivations of armed robbers and the various mechanics (i.e. planning, recruitment, group dynamics) of the crime of armed robbery. Through the use of structured questionnaires, biographical data, information on risk factors and figures on the different aspects of a criminal career, such as age of offending onset, offending frequency and seriousness, and career length, were all gathered. The general findings of this research demonstrate that offending onset occurs between the ages of 11 and 15 with petty crimes, and then escalates to serious crimes. Secondly, witnessed throughout the dissertation is the fact that development of delinquent behaviour is not a result of a single risk factor but an outcome of multiple risk factors. Subsequently, a suggestion is made for the introduction of multifaceted deterrence programmes, which will holistically deal with the various offending risk factors (i.e. family, community and the offender’s personal risk factors as well as peer and school dynamics). Thirdly, armed robbers are responsible for various other crimes in the process of committing the offence of robbery. Accordingly, this study confirms the criminal career notion that a small number of chronic offenders are responsible for a large number of offences. That is why it is recommended that policy makers pay attention to disrupting the criminal career of this small number of high risk offenders. / Department of Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)