Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2008. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-08T22:52:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziele.pdf: 800609 bytes, checksum: a78917e56fee21a2cd42824b8e828291 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-08-21T17:14:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziele.pdf: 800609 bytes, checksum: a78917e56fee21a2cd42824b8e828291 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-21T17:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziele.pdf: 800609 bytes, checksum: a78917e56fee21a2cd42824b8e828291 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / As fazendas de cultivo de camarões com altas densidades, liberam efluentes com altas cargas de nutrientes, provocando a degradação da qualidade da água. Isto gera preocupação a respeito do lançamento de efluentes dos cultivos. Em vista disto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de um sistema integrado de bacia de sedimentação e biofilme na remoção de nutrientes. O estudo foi realizado em ambiente aberto, durante 45 dias. Foram utilizados três tratamentos: a) tratamento TC, sem substrato vertical; b) tratamento T50, superfície interna das caixas aumentada em 50% e c) tratamento T100, superfície interna das caixas aumentada em 100%. As caixas foram abastecidas com o efluente de um cultivo de camarão. Diariamente foram medidos o pH, a salinidade, o oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e a temperatura. Durante os primeiros 15 dias as coletas foram feitas a cada 5 dias, após esse período as coletas de água foram a cada 2 dias, e de biofilme diariamente. As análises de amônia foram feitas em todos os dias de amostragem. As análises de nitrito, nitrato e fosfato, foram feitas de todas as coletas até o 15º dia, e após esse período a cada 6 dias. Do biofilme, a matéria seca foi determinada de todos os dias coletados. A clorofila a analisada a cada 5 dias. E a estimativa de ciliados e flagelados nos dias 5, 10, 15 e 20. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos TC e T50 reduziram mais de 80% da amônia e fosfato em 10 dias. O tratamento T100 nos primeiros dias apresentou os menores valores de OD, pH e clorofila a, provocando um pico nas concentrações de amônia e fosfato, retardando a remoção destes nutrientes. Para todos os tratamentos após o 15º dia a concentração de fosfato sofreu uma elevação que se manteve até o final do experimento. Concluindo que ao dobrar a área disponível para fixação de biofilme há uma dificuldade de circulação nos tanques, e um aumento da respiração microbiana, tornando o sistema menos eficiente. Já a bacia de sedimentação sem biofilme, ou com 50% de acréscimo de substrato, ambos são eficientes. Portanto, o efluente deve permanecer na bacia de sedimentação por um tempo mínimo de 10 dias, mas não ultrapassando 15 dias, para não haver elevação nos níveis de fosfato. / The shrimp farms with high densities, release effluents with high loads of nutrients, causing water quality degradation. This creates concern about the release of effluents of cultures. In this work, we aimed to assess the efficiency of an integrated system of settling ponds and biofilm in the nutrients removal. The study was conducted in an open environment, for 45 days. We used three treatments: a) treatment TC, without vertical substrate b) treatment T50, inner surface of the tanks increased by 50% and c) treatment T100, inner surface of the tanks increased by 100%. The tanks were supplied with the effluent of a shrimp culture. Daily were measured pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (OD) and temperature. During the first 15 days the collections were made every 5 days, after that period the collection of water were every 2 days, and biofilm daily. Analyzes of ammonium were performed on all days of sampling. Analyzes of nitrite, nitrate and phosphate, were made of all collections until the 15 th day, and after this period every 6 days. Of the biofilm, the dry matter was determined in every day collected. The chlorophyll-a reviewed every 5 days. And the estimate of ciliates and flagellates on days 5, 10, 15 and 20. The results showed that the treatments TC and T50 reduced more than 80% of ammonium and phosphate in 10 days. The treatment T100 in the first few days showed the lowest values of OD, pH and chlorophyll-a, causing a peak in the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate, delaying the removal of these nutrients. For all treatments after the 15 th day the concentration of phosphate has an elevation which remained until the end of the experiment. Concluding that to double the area available for setting biofilm there is a difficulty in circulation in tanks, and an increase in microbial respiration, making the system less efficient. Already the settlement ponds without biofilm, or with 50% increase in substrate, both are effective. Therefore, the effluent must remain in the basin settling ponds for a minimum time of 10 days but not exceeding 15 days, for no elevation in the levels of phosphate.

A flux chamber is an effective and recognized means of sampling off gassing surfaces, such as landfills and settling ponds. Because there has been little discussion on the survey patterns used for deploying flux chambers. This thesis looks into developing a scalable survey pattern as part of a flux chamber test methodology that can accurately give a representative sample of the emission components and the emission rate of the entire area of interest. The test methodology evolved out of literature review and experiences of two case studies which are discussed within this thesis.

Dans le but de mieux comprendre les processus régissant la pédogenèse des Technosols, un ancien bassin à boues sidérurgiques riches en métaux et recouvert par une forêt caducifoliée de milieu tempéré, a fait l'objet d'une caractérisation approfondie, à partir d'un profil de 2 m et en colonnes lysimétriques sous l'influence du climat et de la végétation. Le Technosol, qui s'est développé sur les boues, résulte de plusieurs étapes de pédogenèse localisées dans le temps et dans l'espace. Les principaux moteurs ont d'abord été les cycles de dessiccation-humectation et les changements de conditions physiques et chimiques associés, puis l'activité biologique, notamment en lien avec l'apport de matières organiques en surface et l'installation des racines. Le développement d'une végétation diversifiée malgré les fortes teneurs en métaux toxiques s'explique par la nature des constituants minéraux et les propriétés chimiques (pH alcalin, forte CEC) et physiques (forte porosité, forte capacité de rétention en eau) qui limitent jusqu'à présent la disponibilité des métaux. Le Technosol est le produit d'une combinaison de processus normalement rencontrés dans des sols naturels d'évolution pédogénétique différente (e.g. Andosols, sols carbonatés) en lien avec la diversité des matériaux parents technogéniques et le mélange original des constituants qui les compose. Cette concomitance de processus coexistant rarement dans la nature pourrait être une caractéristique génétique des Technosols formés sur des matériaux complexes et être appelée « technosolisation » / With the aim of better understanding pedogenetic processes occurring in Technosols, a former settling pond of iron industry containing metal-rich sludge and covered by a deciduous forest of temperate region was thoroughly characterized, from a 2-m profile and in lysimeter experiments under the influence of climate and vegetation. The Technosol developing on iron industry sludge resulted from several stages of pedogenesis with areas of more intense changes. Main pedogenesis drivers were, first, drying-wetting cycles and involved changes of physical and chemical conditions, then biological activity, especially related to organic matter input at the surface and root colonization. The development of diversified vegetation despite high contents of toxic metals can be explained by the nature of mineral constituents and chemical (alkaline pH, high CEC) and physical (high porosity, high water retention capacity) properties which have limited metal availability until now. The Technosol resulted from a combination of processes which occurred usually in natural soils with distinct pedogenetic evolution (e.g. Andosols, carbonated soils) due to the diversity of technogenic parental materials and the original mixture of constituents they contained. This simultaneity of processes coexisting rarely in natural environments could be a genetic particularity of Technosols formed on complex materials and could be called 'technosolization'