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Removal of reovirus type III from seeded sewage effluent by three different soil-clay mixturesShovlin, Marjorie Grace January 1981 (has links)
No description available.
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An environmental feasibility study of land based sewage effluent disposal at Bolivar using plantation trees /Yu, Xiaojiang. January 1992 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (M. Env. St.)--University of Adelaide, Mawson Graduate Centre for Environmental Studies, 1992. / Photographs mounted in. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-96).
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Essays on remote monitoring as an emerging tool for centralized management of decentralized wastewater systemsSolomon, Clement E., January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 118 p. : ill. (some col.), map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Carbon and nitrogen dynamics on a forest site receiving continual papermill sludge applications : a soil column study /Duncan, Carla S., January 1992 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-96). Also available via the Internet.
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Nutrients, chlorophyll and bacterial fecal indicators in coves and open water areas of Lake of the Ozarks, MissouriO'Hearn, Rebecca. Jones, John R. January 2009 (has links)
The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on November 19, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. John R. Jones. Includes bibliographical references.
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Long-term effects of alum sludge application to landGeertsema, Wesley S. 23 December 2009 (has links)
Previous research relating to alum sludge land application has primarily been restricted to laboratory studies of short-term environmental effects. In general, most research has concluded that the environmental effects of alum sludge constituents can be easily controlled.
This study investigated the fate of land-applied alum sludge constituents nearly three years after incorporation into a Slagle soil. An existing field site was used. The site had been used for a pilot study examining the land application of alum sludge from the Harwood's Mill Water Treatment Plant in Newport News, Virginia. Alum sludge and lime were applied to the site in November, 1989. Soil, soilwater, groundwater and pine needle tissue media were sampled during the summer of 1992. It was determined that the alum sludge posed no observable long-term threat to groundwater quality or vegetative productivity.
Migration of alum sludge constituents through the soil profile could not be confirmed in this research. However, acid precipitation may have destroyed the alkalinity added to the soil. Thus, long-term management of alum sludge land application to acid soils may require additional increments of alkalinity. / Master of Science
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On-site wastewater treatment and disposal systems on reclaimed mined landPeterson, Craig E. 17 March 2010 (has links)
The development of southwest Virginia’s coal mining areas is severely hampered by a lack of building sites and waste disposal facilities. New technologies to reclaim mined lands have the capacity to produce large level expanses of land suitable for building sites by using the minespoil to reshape the land contours. Because these areas are generally too remote for centralized sewer to be economically feasible, the problem of waste disposal remains. Also, the current Virginia Department of Health regulations forbid placement of on-site waste water treatment and dispsoal systems (OSWTDS) in any fill material, including minespoil. The objective of this research is to examine alternative OSWTDS technologies for their applicability to treating wastewater in fill materials with respect to both removal of biological and chemical contaminants and hydraulic performance. In the fall of 1989, topsoil and minespoil materials were transported from southwest Virginia to Blacksburg, Virginia. The soil material was screened, air-dried, and packed into large plastic cylinders. Septic tank effluent and sand filter effluent was applied to the soil columns daily at three different loading rates for a period of 5 months. Wastewater samples were collected after passing through the soil columns and analyzed for several chemical parameters as well as fecal coliforms. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia Coli and bacteriophage T-1 (virus) were introduced into the columns and analyzed in the filtrate. The soil material in the columns was also characterized for selected physical parameters. The results indicate that the concentration of total inorganic N was reduced 15 to 60% after the effluent was passed through the soil columns. However, the NO₃ - N concentrations were still above the 10 mg/L drinking water standard indicating that housing density should be considered when fill material is used for OSWTDS. The quantity of P emerging from the columns was higher than anticipated in minespoil column effluent which is probably related to the indigenous P present in the minespoil. The P concentration in topsoil column effluent increased with influent application and this relationship could be described by quadratic functions. The numbers of fecal coliforms were reduced (93 to 99%) by passing effluent through the soil columns. The concentration of indicator organisms indicated a gradual decline in viable bacterial cells and viral particles over time, with the indicator virus assays being completely negative by day 11. The tracer organism study also indicates that the survival time of these organisms can be effectively controlled in topsoil by reducing the influent loading rates, and in minespoil by reducing the influent loading rates and using some type of pretreatment, such as a sand filter. This study indicates that OSWTDS can be placed in selected topsoil areas in reclaimed minelands. It further indicates that at least 60 cm of unsaturated topsoil should be available for wastewater renovation. Minespoils were also effective at renovating wastewater, but may require pretreatment before application, a lower loading rate, a deeper unsaturated zone, or perhaps a combination of these factors. / Master of Science
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Evaluation of shallow-placed low pressure distribution systems in soils marginally suited for on-site waste treatmentIjzerman, M. Marian 24 March 2009 (has links)
Two shallow-placed low pressure distribution (LPD) systems were evaluated in soils that were marginally suited for a conventional on-site wastewater disposal system (OSWDS) because of low hydraulic conductivity and shallow depth of soil to bedrock. The soils used for this study were Edom (fine, illitic, mesic, Typic Hapludult) and Penn-Bucks soil (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic, ultic Hapludult). In the Edam soil, the LPD system was installed with four subsystem designs operating: a narrow trench design with a design loading rate of 17.5 Lpd/m², and three designs based on Virginia regulations with design loading rates of 9.0 Lpd/m², 4.5 Lpd/m², and 5.7 Lpd/m². In the Penn-Bucks soil, the LPD system was installed with three subsystem designs operating: a narrow trench design with a design loading rate of 30.6 Lpd/m², and two designs based on Virginia regulations with design loading rates of 14.3 Lpd/m², and 7.3 Lpd/m².
The evaluation was conducted under different moisture and temperature conditions (summer of 1989, and the winter of 1990), and focused on the fate and transport below each system of two antibiotic resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains and two host-specific bacteriophage strains. The potential loss of N0₃"-N through the biological process of denitrification was also examined.
In the Edom soil, a narrow trench design, and designs based on the Virginia regulation all removed >99.9% of the bacterial and viral tracers during the summer of 1989, and >99% during the winter of 1990 throughout a 152 cm depth. The potential loss of N0₃"-N in the Edom soil by denitrification was estimated to be 38%.
In the Penn-Bucks soil, the narrow trench design failed within six months of installation because the effluent loading rate was too high to permit infiltration through the silty clay loam soil, once biological clogging developed with the subsequent decrease in infiltrative capacity. The lower Virginia loading rate was mlore effective at microbial retention with >99.9% removal throughout a 114 cm depth in both the summer of 1989 and the winter of 1990. The normal Virginia loading rate removed> 99% of the bacterial and viral tracers throughout a 102 cm depth in both the summer of 1989 and the winter of 1990. The overall loss of N0₃"-N in the Penn-Bucks soil through denitrification was estimated at 67%. / Master of Science
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Deep row trenching of pit latrine and waste water treatment works sludge : water and nutrient fluxes in forest plantations.Adadzi, Patrick Cudjoe. 19 November 2013 (has links)
The deep row trenching of ventilated improved pit-latrine (VIP) and waste water treatment
works (WWTW) sludge is a unique alternative cost effective land application method that will
prevent odour and health problems and may permit higher application rates than surface
application. The goal of this research is to assess the environmental consequences of employing
deep row incorporation of VIP and WWTW sludge to forest plantation lands for the production
of Eucalyptus dunnii. The objectives are to monitor, define and quantify the fluxes of nutrients
(nitrate and phosphorus) from the buried sludge to the surrounding soils, groundwater and
surface water. The WWTW study was conducted on a forestry plantation located near the
Shafton Karkloof Falls, about 10 km from Howick in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South
Africa. The land for the research is owned by SAPPI, a timber plantation company. The
trenching was done with stockpiled secondary sludge from Umgeni WWTW in Howick. VIP
sludge trenching was done at the Umlazi E-ponds site in Durban owned by EThekwini
Municipality. This site was formally used as a wastewater treatment plant sludge drying bed. The
treatment works comprised three oxidation ponds and was operated until 1999, when it was
decommissioned after a heavy flood, resulting in damage to the oxidation ponds. The sites were
instrumented with wetting front detectors, piezometers and boreholes for collection and analysis
of leachate from which were determined subsurface loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. Soil water
status and groundwater levels were also monitored. Simulation of the process of water, nitrate
and phosphorus transport was performed in order to aid the development of the sustainable
management methodologies for land application and the trenching of VIP/WWTW sludge. The
study focuses on the entrenched sludge to determine the concentration of pollutants, monitorchanges in concentration over time and to monitor the movement of solutes and any change
taking place in the surrounding soil water and groundwater. The results contribute to the
development of guidelines and protocols for VIP/WWTW sludge handling and trenching in
South Africa. It was demonstrated that the nutrient migration processes can be approximated
with the conceptual simplifications of the inputs to the model based on field evidence, soil
survey data and applicable literature. In the study, it was found that high concentrations of
nutrients were evident in the water infiltrating into and through the sludge in all trench types.
The nitrate concentration median values in the trenches were 234mg/l and 36mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively, while the recorded median value for phosphorus was 1.0mg/l and 3.5mg/l
for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively. However the effect of vertical seepage of nutrients, into the
deep aquifer in fractured rock has not been observed in the deep borehole with the nitrate
concentration median values at 5mg/l and 0.6mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively, while the
phosphorus concentration median values were 0.03mg/l and 0.15mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi
sites respectively. The study revealed significant differences between the sandy alluvial site at Umlazi and the shale
dolorite site at the SAPPI forests. Where an unsaturated zone below the entrenched sludge
existed at the Umlazi site, nutrient transport was retarded, whereas in the shales of the SAPPI
site, preferential delivery flowpaths transported high concentrations of nutrients rapidly from the
entrenched sludge to the base of the hillslope. These mechanisms needed to be treated differently
in the simulation exercise. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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The effect of water treatment residues on soil microbial and related chemical properties.Pecku, Shantel. January 2003 (has links)
Water treatment residue (WTR), a by-product of the water treatment process,
consists primarily of precipitated hydroxides of the coagulants used in the water
treatment process, along with sand, silt, clay, humic compounds, and dissolved
organic matter. It is usually disposed of by landfill, a technology with numerous
problems that include dwindling landfill capacity, extensive dewatering
requirements for the WTRs, high costs of transportation, and potential liability for
landfill clean-up. Therefore, land disposal (or land treatment) presents a popular
alternative disposal method based on the principle that the physical, chemical,
and microbial properties of the soil can be used to assimilate applied waste
without inducing any negative effects on soil quality.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of land disposal of the
WTR generated by Umgeni Water, a local water treatment authority, on soil
quality. These effects were investigated using depth samples from soil profiles of
Westleigh and Hutton soil forms at field trials located at Ukulinga Research Farm,
near Pietermartizburg and Brookdale Farm, Howick, KwaZulu-Natal, South
Africa, respectively. Four rates of WTR (0, 80, 320, and 1280Mg ha-1
incorporated into the soil) were investigated at both trials, in addition to mulched
treatments at rates of 320 and 1280Mg ha-1 at Brookdale only. Sampling of plots
was carried out in September 2001 and May 2002, and all treatments were
investigated under fallow and grassed cultivation. Laboratory measurements
used to assess soil quality included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic
carbon (QC), and microbial activity using f1uorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis.
At both trials in September 2001 WTR-amended plots displayed higher pH in the
0-200mm soil in comparison to the controls, whereas by May 2002 pH had
returned to the condition of the controls. Addition of WTR at Ukulinga resulted in
higher QC in September 2001, but in May 2002 this was similar to the controls.
However, at Brookdale QC was unaffected by WTR. At Ukulinga and Brookdale the effect of WTR on EC was variable, and microbial activity in the soil profile
was unaffected by WTR addition.
Observations at Ukulinga and Brookdale reflected long term changes (3 and 5
years, respectively) to soil quality following WTR addition. To examine the initial
changes in soil quality a laboratory experiment was set up using the field trial
soils. Research objectives were also extended to include WTRs from Rand
Water (Johannesburg), Midvaal Water Company (Stilfontein), Amatola Water
(East London), and two samples from the Faure Water Treatment Plant (near
Cape Town). The second Faure sample (Faure2
) was collected when blue green
algal problems were experienced at the plant. The measurements used to
investigate these short term effects on soil quality were soil pH, EC, and
microbial activity as indicated by respiration rate.
Each of the WTRs added to the Hutton and Westleigh soils increased soil pH by
varying increments, and the higher the WTR application rate, the higher was the
pH recorded. With the exception of the Rand and Umgeni WTRs that clearly
increased soil EC, the effect of the otherWTRs on EC was variable. The Faure1
and Amatola WTRs appeared to have no effect on microbial activity, whereas the
Umgeni, Rand, Midvaal, and Faure2 WTRs stimulated microbial activity by Day 2
following the addition of WTR, but this had declined by Day 14. As for pH, higher
microbial activity was recorded at higher WTR application rates.
Changes in microbial community structure of the Hutton soil only, following the
addition of WTR were examined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
(DGGE) analysis. Community profiles of the different WTRs proved to be
markedly different. However, WTR-amended soil retained banding patterns
consistent with the control soil indicating that dominant populations in the Hutton
soil had been retained. The field trials indicated that long term effects of land disposal of WTR were not
detrimental to the measured indicators of soil quality namely, pH, EC, QC, and
microbial activity. The laboratory assessments of the short term response of the
Hutton and Westleigh soil forms to WTR addition suggested that the tested
variables were altered by WTR, but not significantly changed to the detriment of
soil quality. Microbial community analysis indicated that the community structure
of the Hutton soil was not significantly altered by WTR amendments. Present
findings provide no evidence to suggest that land disposal of WTR is detrimental
to soil quality. It is therefore regarded as a feasible disposal option although
there are some aspects that should be investigated further. These include
investigations into rhizosphere/microbial interactions and the feasibility of
growing cash crops. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.
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