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Community participation in solid waste management in high-density low-income areas: the case of C-Section in Duncan VillageMazinyo, Sonwabo Perez January 2009 (has links)
Solid waste management in high density low-income areas is a problem that manifests itself in ubiquitous illegal dumpsites and unhealthy living environmental conditions. Community participation in solid waste management in Duncan Village, C-Section has been found to be part of the solution to this problem. This study investigates community participation in SWM at household level, community waste project level and at informal salvaging/scavenging level. The integration of community participation into existing Buffalo City Municipality waste management plans and the nature of the relationship between the different interest groups are investigated. This study employs qualitative research methods where interviews and participatory observations are used to investigate key objectives. The nature of the relationships between councillors, C-Section residents and the Buffalo City Municipality Departments are tenuous and fraught with conflicts. These conflicts emerge due to the lack of communication as well as due to the non-integration of the community interest groups‟ views and activities into solid waste management in C-Section. The study suggests that this lack of communication should be addressed and that integrated participation of all stakeholders must be encouraged for effective solid waste management in a high density low-income community.
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The application of integrated environmental management to improve storm water quality and reduce marine pollution at Jeffreys Bay (South Africa)Seebach, Rudi Dieter January 2006 (has links)
It is projected that by 2025 three-quarters of the world’s population will live in the coastal zone. This is an alarming statistic, with a consequently significant impact on small coastal towns and the adjacent marine environments. Developing communities within the coastal zone of South Africa have proved to be a significant pollution source of storm water. Studies have shown that storm water that is deposited in the ocean will be trapped in the near shore marine environment causing poor seawater quality over a large distance. Furthermore, this can pose a significant threat to the health of recreational users and important marine ecosystems. In Jeffreys Bay storm water quality is thought to pose a threat to the maintenance of the international Blue Flag status for its beach. The aim of the current project was to investigate the main sources of storm water and subsequent marine pollution at Jeffreys Bay and to develop an appropriate management strategy using the integrated environmental management framework. In order to achieve this objective, it was also necessary to determine the current quality of water at various points within the catchment and near shore marine environment. Even though the storm water was found to be severely contaminated no evidence existed for a negative impact on the marine environment. None the less, a precautionary approach was adopted and a risk assessment employed in order to consider potential impacts on the marine and aquatic environment, human health and socio-economic welfare within the town. Significant sources of storm water contamination included grey water, domestic solid waste disposal and informal ablution. These significant aspects were investigated further and it was found that solid waste management in the catchment was poor with significant quantities of waste, primarily (76%) from domestic sources, being disposed of illegally. A study of sanitation management showed inadequacies where up to 58% of the residents from the informal settlements disposed of their grey water into open spaces. The ratio of residents to toilets in these areas was 28:1, therefore supporting the outcome of the risk assessment. Due to the fact that all the significant aspects were related to anthropogenic waste, an integrated waste management plan (IWMP) was developed that would not only facilitate the reduction of pollution of storm water, but would also allow for sustainable community-based development.
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Analysis of Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants in Sewage Sludge from Thohoyandou Wastewater Treatment Plant and transfer to Vegetables.Akinsaya, Nurudeen Akinwale 18 May 2018 (has links)
MENVSC / Department of Hydrology and Water Resources / Sewage sludge (biosolids) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has been widely used
as a soil improver in Europe, United States of America and some developing countries
including South Africa. It has its benefits for farmers as a good source of organic matter and
minerals, however, sludge after treatment still contains pathogenic organisms, heavy metals
and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The POP and heavy metal contaminants that
accumulate in sludge may transfer through the food chain and cause adverse effects on
human beings.
In this study, a field experiment was carried out on farmland fertilized with sewage sludge
from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that vasically receives domestic wastewater and
storm water. Vegetable spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was used for this study and was planted
on a farmland under controlled conditions. Ten ridges each of dimensions 20 m × 0.3 m was
made and dry sludge weights of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 kg were applied as
manure on each of the ridges, respectively.
Representative samples of sludge and soil were taken for analysis of heavy metals and POPs.
At maturity, in twelve weeks, the root and leave samples of the vegetable were taken from all
the ridges including the control. The soil, sludge, and vegetable samples were analyzed for
total heavy metal content (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn), speciated heavy metal
content and POP (PAH, PCB). Soil and sludge samples were also analyzed for total organic
content, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), conductivity and alkalinity. The analysis for
total heavy metals and speciated heavy metal content was carried out using inductively
coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES), and CEC analysis was
carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). A two-dimensional gas
chromatograph with time of flight mass spectrometry detector (GC X GC TOFMS) was used
for POP measurements. pH measurement was made using a pH meter and conductivity
measurement using a conductivity meter. Alkalinity and total organic content analysis was
performed using titrimetric apparatus. The highest total heavy metal concentration of 378.9
mg / kg was recorded in Fe metal in soil and Leaf sample while the lowest total metal
concentration of 0.0003 mg / kg was in Cu metal in root sample. The highest heavy metal
concentration of 1002 mg / kg in speciated forms was in Mn metal in F1 fraction and the
lowest of 0.0004 mg / kg was in Cd metal in F5 fraction. PAHs were only found in soil
samples and their concentrations ranged from 2.53 mg / kg to 146.5 mg / kg. There were no
PCB detected in all the samples analysed. The results indicated that the trace metals
concentrations found in the exchangeable fraction were higher than those observed in any of
the preceding extractions except in the case of Cd, Cr, Fe and Pb where Fe-Mn oxide and
organic matter fractions predominated and were closely followed by exchangeable fraction.
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Investigation of municipal solid waste management: a case study of Vhembe District Municipality, South AfricaMathako, Khodani 20 September 2019 (has links)
MENVSC / Department of Ecology and Resource Management / The main objective of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of municipal solid
waste management system, its potential implication in Vhembe District Municipality,
South Africa and to recommend strategies for effective management of municipal solid
waste in the district. To achieve this, structured questionnaires, interviews, field
observations and focus group discussions were used to collect primary data within the
district. The study focused on the four local municipalities: Makhado, Thulamela, Musina
and Collins Chabane. Desktop study was also undertaken to gather secondary data by
reviewing journals, technical reports, books and articles. The study adopted a mixed
method approach comprising of triangulation of qualitative and quantitative design. The
target groups of the study were selected through purposive sampling. The respondents in
the study were 21 officials from local municipalities including directors, waste managers,
superintendents, landfill supervisor and interns. Data was collected using focus group
interviews and questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics which involve the
presentation of numerical facts, or data, in either tables or graphs form. Municipalities in
the district are producing a considerable amount of solid waste. Municipalities do not
adhere to the existing guidelines on waste minimization at source, for example; they do
not have zero waste strategy (3R) reduce, reuse and recycle, which is the highest priority
of the National Waste Management Policy. Lack of the application of existing waste
management policy leads to large amount of solid waste eventually ending up in landfill
sites. The study recommends to municipalities to develop operational and monitoring
waste management plans which will create continuous improvement on waste
management. In the district, it was observed that the bulk of waste generated per month
within municipalities is general waste comprising 64%, as compared to garden waste and
building rubbles. There are no equipment and programs in place by municipalities to
encourage waste separation at source, for example, municipalities do not have
household‟s recyclable receptacles to encourage separation at source. Municipalities do
not have weighbridge to quantify waste entering the site. It was observed that Thulamela
and Collins Chabane Local municipalities create compost from garden waste received at
the landfill sites, whereas Musina and Makhado Local Municipalities do not create
compost from garden waste. Garden waste is dumped and compacted with other waste
materials in the landfills. All municipalities should create compost from garden waste
received at the landfill sites as it helps to extend the life span of the landfills because it
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reduces the amount of waste to the landfill. There is lack of prioritization within
municipalities, for example, in Makhado Local Municipality, when the new financial
start, budget is allocated to other proposed projects by councilors as they consider waste
management projects not a priority. It was observed that within the district, there is high
level of illegal dumping in catchment areas and open spaces especially at Musina Local
Municipality. Musina Local Municipality is using a quarry as disposal site which was not
lined and it has led to contamination of underground water by leachate, whereas
Thulamela, Collins Chabane and Makhado Local Municipalities are using lined landfill
sites to avoid contamination of underground water. The available vehicles within the
municipalities are not enough to meet the demand and some of them are too old, for
example, tractors and trucks used by Makhado Local Municipality are 20 years old and
they often breakdown, whereas Thulamela, Collins Chabane and Musina Local
Municipalities are not using old vehicles as they auctioned old vehicles and bought new
ones. Vhembe District Municipality should manage waste in accordance to the new
approach of source separation, waste reduction, reuse and recycling by developing
environmental awareness programmes supported by the placement of the recyclable
receptacles at strategic points to collect recyclable materials which will reduce large
amount of waste which eventually ends up in landfills. The study recommends that
municipalities should have law enforcement structure which will create and enforce the
laws/policies as it helps municipalities to implement effective waste management system
and monitoring structure to monitor prioritization and budget allocation to avoid any
wastage. Municipalities should have landfill monitoring committees to facilitate the
compliance on the development and operation of the landfills to avoid the use of quarry
as landfill sites. / NRF
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